Effect of Mechanical Grinding on the Physicochemical, Structural, and Functional Properties of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) Bran Powder

This study investigated the functional, physicochemical, and structural characteristics of foxtail millet bran powder with different particle sizes. The morphological analysis revealed that the surface roughness declined in conjunction with the particle sizes of the millet bran powder. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that none of the samples generated any additional chemical functional groups. A decrease in the particle sizes of the millet bran powder increased their dissemination and surface areas, as well as the bulk density, tap density, water-holding capacity (WHC), angle of repose (θ) and angle of slide (α), and peak temperature, while the oil holding capacity (OHC) and crystallinity index (CI) value declined. Moreover, fine millet bran powder (54.7 μm) exhibited a higher protein, fat, soluble dietary fiber (SDF), total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity than its coarse counterpart

Geographical origin traceability of foxtail millet based on the combination of multi-element and chemical composition analysis

The potential approach of classifying foxtail millet according to geographical origin was investigated using mineral element and chemical composition analysis of samples from various provinces in China. Total 16 mineral elements and five chemical compositions of foxtail millets were analyzed. There were significant differences in 12 elements of millets from different regions. Notable differences were also observed for chemical composition, with Hebei samples showing higher protein content, Henan samples showing higher fat and ash contents and Shandong samples showed higher dietary fiber and amylose contents. Based on the combination of both methods, discriminant analysis provided optimal discrimination among the various geographical origins with a 95.2% classification rate. Our study provides an effective tool to trace the foxtail millet geographic origin through a combination of multi-element and chemical composition analysis

Filter Bank Multicarrier Waveform Used for Integrated SAR and Communication Systems

The integrated Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Communication system can improve the networking capabilities of SAR, realize the real-time transmission of detection data, and improve the overall performance of the system. In the working process of the integrated platform, Doppler shift and multipath effects will be introduced, which make the orthogonality of the widely studied Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) integrated waveforms unable to be maintained, and the imaging and communication performance is impaired. In this paper, the Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) waveform used for the integrated SAR and communication systems is proposed. On the one hand, FBMC waveforms require low orthogonality between subcarriers, which can counter Doppler and multipath effects. On the other hand, FBMC waveforms do not use Cyclic Prefix (CP), so the false targets can be avoided and spectral efficiency can be improved. This paper analyzes the integrated performance of FBMC waveforms, studies the effects of multipath and Doppler shift on FBMC waveforms in the integrated system, and proposes a Doppler compensation algorithm for integrated FBMC waveform with large frequency shift. According to the above analysis, the FBMC waveform has better performance in the wide swath SAR and communication integration system. Simulation results verify the conclusion

Effect of phosphorus on lipid accumulation in freshwater microalga Chlorella sp.

Microalgae have already been investigated as a potential resource for biofuel in many reports. In this study, the effect of phosphorus concentration on lipid content was analyzed using the freshwater microalga Chlorella sp as a model. In addition, the carbohydrate and protein content were also analyzed in order to investigate the variations of biochemical composition under different phosphorus levels. Results showed that both lipid content and lipid productivity were increased under low phosphorus conditions. Furthermore, it was also found that lipid accumulation in cells decreased by supplementing the growth media with K2HPO4 in the late growth phase. The analysis of the total protein and the carbohydrate content showed that the former remained unaffected by external phosphorus variation; while the latter was directly correlated to phosphorus concentration. In summary, lipid accumulation had significant relationship with phosphorus concentration

Polymer nano nozzle fabricated by nanoscale electrohydrodynamic jet printing for high-resolution printing of low-viscosity inks

Electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing has emerged as a promising manufacturing technique in many areas due to its high efficiency, low cost, high resolution, and wide adaptability of materials. However, achieving further advancements in print resolution to the submicron and even nanoscale, particularly for low-viscosity inks with significant spread, requires nozzles with diameters in the hundreds of nanometers. It is particularly challenging and complicated to manufacture nozzles with such small diameters. In this paper, a concise method based on high-resolution E-jet printing was developed to fabricate nano-nozzles, which in turn enable high-resolution printing of a range of low-viscosity inks. First, the hybrid polymer nozzle mold consisting of BN303 nanomesa and SU-8 micromesa was fabricated by E-jet printing and ultraviolet (UV) lithography. Subsequently, the polymer nozzle was produced through a casting process of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and subsequent bonding. In addition, the preliminary E-jet printing was performed with poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) ink using the polymer nozzle, resulting in lines as small as 140 nm. These outcomes demonstrate the compatibility of E-jet printing with high resolution and showcase the potential of the developed polymer nano-nozzles to significantly expand the scope of E-jet printing applications

Enzyme-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Lipid from Microalgae

An improved lipid extraction process has been established for microalgal using enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP), which mainly involved in sonication and enzyme treatment. As compared to cellulase, neutral protease and alkaline protease, significantly higher lipid recovery was achieved by snailase and trypsin. The highest lipid recovery of 49.82% was obtained by a combined sonication-enzyme treatment at pH 4. The enhancement mechanism of the EAEP was analyzed in terms of the particle size of cream and zeta potential. In addition, microalgal lipid recovery was also affected by lipid class composition and the type of algae. The present study demonstrates a promising alternative to conventional lipid extraction of microalgae and the quantitative information on EAEP of oleaginous alga can provide valuable data for process design at pilot and industrial scale

SWARMS: A Domain Exploration Tool and its Application in FOAF Domain

In this paper, we present a system called SWARMS, for domain knowledge exploration and its application in the domain of Friend-Of-A-Friend (FOAF). SWARMS provides methods of search, visualization, and analysis to help users browse domain data in visualization views. We collected personal information from the web, constructed personal network based on the FOAF Ontology. So far, information of more than 30,000 persons and 90,000 papers were gathered. In SWARMS, we try to address semantic search, visualized and navigation, and domain data mining. This paper describes the architecture and implementation of SWARMS in FOAF domain

The Complexity of Chinese Cereal Vinegar Flavor: A Compositional and Sensory Perspective

With a millennium-long history, traditional Chinese cereal vinegar (CCV) is a significant part of China’s cultural heritage. The unique flavor of CCV is derived from the use of cereal and its bran as raw materials and solid-state fermentation as a brewing technique. This paper systemically summarized recent research progress on the aroma compounds in CCV, the biochemical generation of aroma compounds during the brewing process, and the association between sensory perception and the primary aroma compounds. Furthermore, a complete CCV lexicon and sensory wheel prototype were constructed. This study aims to lay a foundation for future CCV aroma research, quality improvement, and industrialization

Study of hydrodynamic characteristics in tubular photobioreactors

In this work, the hydrodynamic characteristics in tubular photobioreactors with a series of helical static mixers built-in were numerically investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The influences of height and screw pitch of the helical static mixer and fluid inlet velocity on the cell trajectories, swirl numbers and energy consumption were examined. In order to verify the actual results for cultivation of microalgae, cultivation experiments of freshwater Chlorella sp. were carried out in photobioreactor with and without helical static mixer built-in at the same time. It was shown that with built-in helical static mixer, the mixing of fluid could be intensified, and the light/dark cycle could also be achieved which is of benefit for the growth of microalgae. The biomass productivity of Chlorella sp. in tubular photobioreactor with helical static mixer built-in was 37.26 % higher than that in the photobioreactor without helical static mixer