Tinjauan Sosio Historis Strategi Pengembangan Kemampuan Menulis dalam Konteks Implementasi Kebijakan Penulisan Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi

Surat Edaran Dikti 152/E/T/2012 telah disikapi pro dan kontra, seolah kebijakan Dikti merupakan tagihan pada sisi hilir namun melupakan fakta bahwa menulis bukan sekedar persoalan pada sisi hilir, namun merupakan persoalan hulu sampai dengan hilir yang melibatkan pengalaman, pendidikan dan latihan, dan motivasi sehingga memerlukan kajian secara komprehensif. Menulis merupakan proses mental yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial historis yaitu pengalaman. Latihan, dan motivasi. Menulis bukanlah persoalan sederhana semudah membalikkan telapak tangan, namun menulis menyangkut persoalan kultural. Strategi pengembangan yang dilakukan seharusnya juga mencerminkan adanya aktualisasi ilmu pendidikan antara lain melalui; (1) pengembangan kemampuan menulis sejak dini secara tepat, (2) memberikan motivasi dengan menempatkan menulis sebagai pilihan karir prima, (3) pemerintah memberikan pelayanan primer terstandar seperti memberikan wadah terbitnya berbagai jurnal, (4) revitalisasi pengembangan minat baca, dan (5) menyediakan pendidikan dan latihan menulis yang memadai. Edaran Dikti 152/E/T/2012 harus dipandang sebagai langkah awal yang baik dan menjadi bagian koheren dari strategi pengembangan budaya menulis yang transformatif

Transcriptome analysis of pancreatic cells across distant species highlights novel important regulator genes.

Background Defining the transcriptome and the genetic pathways of pancreatic cells is of great interest for elucidating the molecular attributes of pancreas disorders such as diabetes and cancer. As the function of the different pancreatic cell types has been maintained during vertebrate evolution, the comparison of their transcriptomes across distant vertebrate species is a mean to pinpoint genes under strong evolutionary constrains due to their crucial function and which have preserved their selective expression in these pancreatic cell types. Results In this study, RNA-sequencing was performed on pancreatic alpha-, beta- and delta endocrine cells as well as the acinar and ductal exocrine cells isolated from adult zebrafish transgenic lines. Comparison of these transcriptomes identified many novel markers including transcription factors and signaling pathways components specific for each cell type. By performing interspecies comparisons, we identified hundreds of genes with conserved enriched expression in endocrine and exocrine cells among human, mouse and zebrafish. This list includes many genes known as crucial for pancreatic cell formation or function, but also pinpoints many factors whose pancreatic function is still unknown. A large set of endocrine-enriched genes can already be detected at early developmental stages as revealed by the transcriptomic profiling of embryonic endocrine cells, indicating a potential role in cell differentiation. The actual involvement of conserved endocrine genes in pancreatic cell differentiation was demonstrated in zebrafish for myt1b, whose invalidation leads to a reduction of alpha-cells, and for cdx4, selectively expressed in endocrine delta-cells and crucial for their specification. Intriguingly, comparison of the endocrine alpha- and beta-cell subtypes from human, mouse and zebrafish reveals a much lower conservation of the transcriptomic signatures for these two endocrine cell subtypes compared to the signatures of pan-endocrine and exocrine cells. These data suggest that the identity of the alpha- and beta-cells relies on a few key factors, corroborating numerous examples of inter-conversion between these two endocrine cell subtypes. Conclusion. This study highlights both evolutionary conserved and species-specific features that will help to unveil universal and fundamental regulatory pathways as well as pathways specific to human and laboratory animal models such as mouse and zebrafish

Additional file 10: Figure S3. of Transcriptome analysis of pancreatic cells across distant species highlights novel important regulator genes

Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis for endocrine cell subtypes. Left. Bar plot displaying the number of genes constituting enriched GO terms. P values are denoted on the bars. Right. Fold of change (in Log2) of genes constituting the most enriched GO terms, (A) GO enrichment for the 70 beta-enriched genes. (B) GO enrichment for the 73 alpha-enriched genes. (C) GO enrichment for the 192 delta-enriched genes. (B-A: pairwise beta versus alpha; B-D: pairwise beta versus delta). (TIF 13089 kb

Additional file 11: Figure S4. of Transcriptome analysis of pancreatic cells across distant species highlights novel important regulator genes

Expression of spon1b gene in beta pancreatic cells of zebrafish embryos. Co-labeling by FISH of spon1b with insulin (ins) (A, arrows show colocalization), while no expression was detected in delta cells (B) (n > 10). ins: insulin, sst2: somatostatin 2, N-orth: Endocrine enriched zebrafish gene with no described ortholog in human and/or mouse. (TIF 5116 kb

Additional file 4: Table S3. of Transcriptome analysis of pancreatic cells across distant species highlights novel important regulator genes

Classification of genes according to their enriched expression in endocrine, acinar, or ductal cells. Expression levels were compared for each gene between endocrine, acinar, and ductal cells (pair-wise comparison with DEseq2). Classification was performed using the cut-off values of fold change > 4 and adjusted P < 0.05. The enrichment is given for each gene as Log2 of fold change and with the adjusted P value. (XLSX 2192 kb

Additional file 8: Table S6. of Transcriptome analysis of pancreatic cells across distant species highlights novel important regulator genes

List of endocrine-enriched genes with an expression level above 100 counts in embryonic endocrine cells at 27 hpf. List of 911 genes with endocrine-enriched expression in adult and showing an expression level above 100 Normalized counts. Gene expression is provided for the three replicates (selection of pancreatic cells at 27 hpf from Tg(pax6:GFP)) as well as the mean expression level. (XLSX 99 kb

Additional file 5: Table S4. of Transcriptome analysis of pancreatic cells across distant species highlights novel important regulator genes

Genes presenting conserved endocrine expression. The ZMH excel page shows the genes with endocrine-enriched expression in zebrafish, mice and human. The ZM, ZH and HM excel pages show genes with endocrine-enriched expression in two species (ZM: zebrafish and mice; ZH: zebrafish and human; HM: human and mice). The tables give the expression mean in endocrine cells (Normalized counts) and the enrichment (FC: fold change) in the three species. (XLSX 123 kb

Additional file 3: Table S2. of Transcriptome analysis of pancreatic cells across distant species highlights novel important regulator genes

Gene expression levels in endocrine, acinar, and ductal cells. The expression is given in Normalized counts for the four replicates of acinar cells, the three replicates of ductal and endocrine cells. The three endocrine datasets were obtained by combining the reads obtained with alpha, beta and delta cell libraries as described in Methods (e.g., endocrine1 data is a mix of alpha1, beta1 and delta1; endocrine2 data is a mix of alpha2, beta2 and delta2) (XLSX 4433 kb