Natural Variation in Partial Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae Is Controlled by Two Major QTLs in Arabidopsis thaliana

BACKGROUND: Low-level, partial resistance is pre-eminent in natural populations, however, the mechanisms underlying this form of resistance are still poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the present study, we used the model pathosystem Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) - Arabidopsis thaliana to study the genetic basis of this form of resistance. Phenotypic analysis of a set of Arabidopsis accessions, based on evaluation of in planta pathogen growth revealed extensive quantitative variation for partial resistance to Pst. It allowed choosing a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the accessions Bayreuth and Shahdara for quantitative genetic analysis. Experiments performed under two different environmental conditions led to the detection of two major and two minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing partial resistance to Pst and called PRP-Ps1 to PRP-Ps4. The two major QTLs, PRP-Ps1 and PRP-Ps2, were confirmed in near isogenic lines (NILs), following the heterogeneous inbred families (HIFs) strategy. Analysis of marker gene expression using these HIFs indicated a negative correlation between the induced amount of transcripts of SA-dependent genes PR1, ICS and PR5, and the in planta bacterial growth in the HIF segregating at PRP-Ps2 locus, suggesting an implication of PRP-Ps2 in the activation of SA dependent responses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results show that variation in partial resistance to Pst in Arabidopsis is governed by relatively few loci, and the validation of two major loci opens the way for their fine mapping and their cloning, which will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying partial resistance

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

English Military Experience and the Court of Chivalry: the Case of Grey V. Hastings

The medieval records of what was called the Court of Chivalry of England, the Court of the Constable and the Marshal, have perished. The Calendars of Patent Rolls, with their evidence about the appointment of commissioners to hear appeals from the Court’s judgement in cases concerning prisoners, ransoms, indentures, safe-conducts and other military matters, hint tantalisingly at how active this court must at times have been, but tell no more. We know that its records were once preserved in re..

Introduction

When Jean-Pierre Jourdan first came to Oxford to moot the possibility of the meeting at which the papers collected in this book were delivered, he spoke with Gallic precision not of a conference, but of a Colloquium. The conception was to bring together, under the auspices of the Institut Français du Royaume-Uni, a number of scholars from both sides of the Channel, who were known to be interested in the period of the great Hundred Years War of France and England, so as to enable them to tell ..

England in the later Middle Ages : a political history /

Includes bibliographical references and index

Fiscal competition and the pattern of public spending

Much attention has been given to the impact of fiscal competition on the level of public expenditure, but relatively little to the impact on its composition. Using a broadly familiar and reasonably rich model of fiscal competition in the presence of mobile capital, this paper establishes a systematic bias in public spending patterns: starting from the non-cooperative equilibrium, and holding tax rates constant, welfare would be improved by a coordinated reduction in the provision of local public inputs and a corresponding increase in the public provision of local public goods benefiting immobile consumers. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A

Avant-Propos

Ce volume rassemble les communications présentées lors de la rencontre franco-britannique, Guerre et Société en France, en Angleterre et en Bourgogne à la fin du Moyen Age, organisée par l’Institut français du Royaume-Uni (IFRU), à Londres, 17, Queensberry Place, les 20, 21 et 22 mars 1989. La présidence des séances fut notamment assurée par Art Cosgrove, Peter Lewis et Jonathan Sumption. L’idée de cette rencontre revient à Jean-Pierre Jourdan, secrétaire général de l’IFRU Michel Monory, alor..

Autoregressive-model-based missing value estimation for DNA microarray time series data

Missing value estimation is important in DNA microarray data analysis. A number of algorithms have been developed to solve this problem, but they have several limitations. Most existing algorithms are not able to deal with the situation where a particular time point (column) of the data is missing entirely. In this paper, we present an autoregressive-model-based missing value estimation method (ARLSimpute) that takes into account the dynamic property of microarray temporal data and the local similarity structures in the data. ARLSimpute is especially effective for the situation where a particular time point contains many missing values or where the entire time point is missing. Experiment results suggest that our proposed algorithm is an accurate missing value estimator in comparison with other imputation methods on simulated as well as real microarray time series datasets.7 page(s