Local Advantage in a Global Era: Making Local Procurement Work for New York

Around the country municipalities have enacted local procurement preference laws, which give a competitive advantage to local firms bidding on public contracts. Much of this legislation has been informed by a broader “local first” movement. Those in this movement champion the many benefits of conducting business on a small local scale

Diffusive Versus Free-Streaming Cosmic Ray Transport in Molecular Clouds

Understanding the cosmic ray (CR) ionization rate is crucial in order to simulate the dynamics of, and interpret the chemical species observed in molecular clouds. Calculating the CR ionization rate requires both accurate knowledge of the spectrum of MeV to GeV protons at the edge of the cloud as well as a model for the propagation of CRs into molecular clouds. Some models for the propagation of CRs in molecular clouds assume the CRs to stream freely along magnetic field lines, while in others they propagate diffusively due to resonant scattering off of magnetic disturbances excited by MHD turbulence present in the medium. We discuss the conditions under which CR diffusion can operate in a molecular cloud, calculate the local CR spectrum and ionization rate in both a free-streaming and diffusive propagation model, and highlight the different results from the two models. We also apply these two models to the propagation through the ISM to obtain the spectrum seen by Voyager 1, and show that such a spectrum favors a diffusive propagation model.Comment: Submitted to Ap

Особенности семантики гендерных фразеологизмов (на материале вос- точно- и западнославянских языков)

This study is an attempt to show how the “gender” semantics of fixed expressions form and what the function of the gender component is in this process. An analysis of the language material shows that there are several cases of modification of “gender” semantics of idiomatic phrases: changes in the phrase’s connotation (there are distinctions between utterances with the same structure in one language or between similar cases in different languages); the change of the referent from male to female (or vice versa) or to the common human meaning etc. It is also shown that the role of the gender component is intrinsic to semantic processes.This study is an attempt to show how the “gender” semantics of fixed expressions form and what the function of the gender component is in this process. An analysis of the language material shows that there are several cases of modification of “gender” semantics of idiomatic phrases: changes in the phrase’s connotation (there are distinctions between utterances with the same structure in one language or between similar cases in different languages); the change of the referent from male to female (or vice versa) or to the common human meaning etc. It is also shown that the role of the gender component is intrinsic to semantic processes

Decentralized Infrastructure for Reproducible and Replicable Geographical Science

The I-GUIDE cyberinfrastructure project for convergence science is a leading example of the possibilities the geospatial data revolution holds for scientific discovery. However, rapidly expanding access to increasingly complex data sources and methods of computational analysis also presents a challenge to the research community. With more data and more potential analyses, researchers face the possibility of jeopardizing the inferential power of convergence research with selection bias. Well-designed infrastructure that can flexibly guide researchers as they record and track decisions in their research designs opens a path to mitigating this problem, while also expanding the reproducibility and replicability of research. Much of the infrastructure needed for convergence research can be borrowed and adapted from other disciplines, but geographic convergence research confronts at least five novel challenges. These are the need for geographically-explicit project metadata, managing diverse and complex data inputs, handling restricted data, specifying and reproducing computational environments, and disclosing researcher decisions and threats to validity that are unique to geographic research. We introduce a template research compendium and analysis plan for study preregistration to address these novel challenges