Schematic drawings of the spontaneous place recognition (SPR) test and the delay-interposed radial arm maze (dRAM) task.

<p>The delay length was 6 h in both tests. Roman numerals above each arrowhead show drug injection times. I: before the sample phase (or first-half performance); IIa: immediately after the sample phase (or first-half performance); IIb: 2 h after the sample phase (or first-half performance); III: before the test phase (or second-half performance). (A) In the SPR test, a white-black striped pattern was put on a sidewall of the arena as an absolute spatial cue. The test consisted of a sample phase (15 min), a delay period, and a test phase (5 min) and two identical objects were used throughout the test. In the test phase, one of the objects was moved to a novel position in the arena. (B) In the dRAM task, after the rat freely made four correct choices (gray arms), it was kept in a waiting cage. After the delay, it was required to visit the rest of arms (black arms) without reentering the arms visited already.</p

Summary of the results of the present study.

<p>↓: impairment by the inhibitor. →: no impairment.–: not examined. PSI: protein synthesis inhibitor. mRNA-SI: mRNA synthesis inhibitor. Short-term memory (STM) in the SPR test was estimated through the effect of drugs on performance with a 5 min-delay. In the radial maze task, STM was estimated using the effect of drugs on performance in the non-delayed task or on the number of within-half errors in the 6 h-delayed task.</p

Effects of ANI on the second-half performance in the 6 h delay-interposed radial arm maze task.

<p>(A-C) Effects of ANI on the second-half performance in the 6 h-delayed task. (D-F) Effects of ANI on the second-half performance in the state-dependency test. (G-H) Effects of ANI on performance in the non-delayed radial arm maze task. (A, D) Number of correct choices in the first four choices. (B, E) Number of across-half errors. (C, F) Number of within-half errors. (G) Number of correct choices in the first eight choices. (H) Number of errors. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. * p < .05, ** p < .01 vs. Ringer condition.</p

Effects of ANI, DRB and EME on the discrimination performance in the spontaneous place recognition test with 6 h and 5 min-delays.

<p>Effects of ANI (A, B), DRB (C, D), and EME (E, F) for the 6 h-delay (A, C, E) and the 5 min-delay (B, D, F). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. * p < .05, ** p < .01 vs. chance (50%).</p

Effect of EME on the second-half performance in the 6 h delay-interposed radial arm maze task.

<p>(A-F) Effect of EME on the second-half performance in the 6 h-delayed task. (G-I) Effect of EME on the second-half performance in the state-dependency test. (J-K) Effect of EME on the performance in the non-delayed task. (A, D, G) Number of correct choices in the first four choices. (B, E, H) Number of across-half errors. (C, F, I) Number of within-half errors. (J) Number of correct choices in the first eight choices. (K) Number of errors. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. * p < .05, ** p < .01 vs. saline (SAL) condition.</p

Adsorption and Diffusion of Na+, Cs+ and Ca+2 Ions in C-S-H and C-a-S-H Nanopores

Cementitious materials act as a diffusion barrier, immobilizing liquid and solid<br>radioactive waste and preventing their release into the biosphere. The retention capability of hydrated<br>cement paste and its main hydration product, C-S-H gel, has been extensively explored experimentally<br>for many alkali and alkaline earth cations. Nevertheless, the retention mechanisms of these cations at<br>the molecular scale are still unclear. In this paper, we have employed molecular dynamics simulations<br>to study the capacity of C-S-H to retain Cs, Ca and Na, analyzing the number of high-affinity sites on<br>the surface, the type of sorption for each cation and the diffusivity of these ions. We have also explored<br>the impact of aluminum incorporation in C-S-H at a constant concentration of the ions in the gel pore.<br>We found strong competition for surface sorption sites, with notable differences in the retention of the<br>cations under study and a remarkable enhance of the adsorption in C-A-S-H with respect to C-S-H

Cs Retention and Diffusion in C-S-H at Different Ca/Si Ratios

<div>Cement and concrete have been widely used as a barrier to isolate many types of contaminants, including radioactive waste, in repository sites. Nevertheless, the intrusion of groundwater in those nuclear repositories may release those contaminants by leaching mechanisms. Because of this, the retention and diffusion processes in cement matrix require to be analyzed in depth. The adsorption in cement and C‐S-H gel, its main hydration product, is influenced by factors as the pH, the composition or the alkali and alkaline earth content. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to study the role of Ca/Si ratio of the C‐S‐H in the capacity to retain Cs and diffusivity of these ions in gel pores. For that purpose, we built four different C‐S‐H models with Ca/Si ratios from 1.1 to 2.0. The results indicate better cationic retention at low Ca/Si ratios due to the interaction of the cations with the bridging silicate tetrahedrons. However, the average diffusion coefficients of the cations decrease at higher Ca/Si ratios because the high ionic constraint in the nanopore that induces a longrange ordering of the water molecules.</div

NAMPT and NAPRT activities in the absence or presence of ATP.

<p>NAMPT (15 ng) and NAPRT (20 ng) were incubated with 20 µM [¹⁴C]Nam and [¹⁴C]NA for 30 min, respectively, in the presence of 1 µM PRPP (low substrate concentration) without or with 1 mM ATP. NAMPT (96 ng) and NAPRT (100 ng) were also incubated with 50 µM [¹⁴C]Nam and [¹⁴C]NA for 7 and 6 min, respectively, in the presence of 50 µM PRPP (high substrate concentration) without or with 1 mM ATP.</p

ATP is an essential activator of NAMPT and NAPRT reactions.

<p>NAMPT (A, 15 ng) and NAPRT (B, 20 ng) were incubated with 20 µM [¹⁴C]Nam and [¹⁴C]NA for 6 and 7 min, respectively, in the presence of 1 µM PRPP and indicated concentrations of ATP. The amounts of NMN (A) and NaMN (B) formed were determined. Data in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022781#pone-0022781-g002" target="_blank">figures 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022781#pone-0022781-g003" target="_blank">3</a> are representative of at least three experiments.</p

Metabolic pathways of the salvage NAD synthesis.

<p>NaAD, NA adenine dinucleotide; <i>NMNAT</i>, NMN adenylyltransferase; <i>NaMNAT</i>, NaMN adenylyltransferase; <i>NADsyn</i>, NAD synthetase. Broken arrows indicate the possible extracellular pathway in NAD biosynthesis <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022781#pone.0022781-Imai1" target="_blank">[14]</a>.</p