8 research outputs found
Development of singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) assay method. 4. Measurements of the SOAC values for vegetable and fruit extracts
<div><p>Measurements of the second-order rate constants and the singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) values for the reaction of singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) with 23 kinds of food extracts were performed in ethanol/chloroform/D<sub>2</sub>O (50:50:1, v/v/v) solution at 35 °C. It has been clarified that the SOAC method is useful to evaluate the <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>-quenching activity (i.e. the SOAC value) of food extracts having two orders of magnitude different rate constants from 3.18 × 10<sup>4</sup> L g<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> for tomato to 1.55 × 10<sup>2</sup> for green melon. Furthermore, comparison of the observed rate constants for the above food extracts with the calculated ones based on the concentrations of seven kinds of carotenoids included in the food extracts and the rate constants reported for each carotenoids was performed, in order to ascertain the validity of the SOAC assay method developed and to clarify the ratio of the contribution of principal carotenoids to the SOAC value.</p></div
Kinetic Study of the Aroxyl-Radical-Scavenging Activity of Five Fatty Acid Esters and Six Carotenoids in Toluene Solution: Structure–Activity Relationship for the Hydrogen Abstraction Reaction
A kinetic study of
the reaction between an aroxyl radical (ArO<sup>•</sup>) and
fatty acid esters (LHs <b>1</b>–<b>5</b>, ethyl
stearate <b>1</b>, ethyl oleate <b>2</b>, ethyl linoleate <b>3</b>, ethyl linolenate <b>4</b>, and ethyl arachidonate <b>5</b>) has been undertaken. The
second-order rate constants (<i>k</i><sub>s</sub>) for the
reaction of ArO<sup>•</sup> with LHs <b>1</b>–<b>5</b> in toluene at 25.0 °C have been determined spectrophotometrically.
The <i>k</i><sub>s</sub> values obtained increased in the
order of LH <b>1</b> < <b>2</b> < <b>3</b> < <b>4</b> < <b>5</b>, that is, with increasing
the number of double bonds included in LHs <b>1</b>–<b>5</b>. The <i>k</i><sub>s</sub> value for LH <b>5</b> was 2.93 × 10<sup>–3</sup> M<sup>–1</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>. From the result, it has been clarified that the
reaction of ArO<sup>•</sup> with LHs <b>1</b>–<b>5</b> was explained by an allylic hydrogen abstraction reaction.
A similar kinetic study was performed for the reaction of ArO<sup>•</sup> with six carotenoids (Car-Hs <b>1</b>–<b>6</b>, astaxanthin <b>1</b>, β-carotene <b>2</b>, lycopene <b>3</b>, capsanthin <b>4</b>, zeaxanthin <b>5</b>, and lutein <b>6</b>). The <i>k</i><sub>s</sub> values obtained increased in the order of Car-H <b>1</b> < <b>2</b> < <b>3</b> < <b>4</b> < <b>5</b> < <b>6</b>. The <i>k</i><sub>s</sub> value
for Car-H <b>6</b> was 8.4 × 10<sup>–4</sup> M<sup>–1</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>. The <i>k</i><sub>s</sub> values obtained for Car-Hs <b>1</b>–<b>6</b> are in the same order as that of the values for LHs <b>1</b>–<b>5</b>. The results of detailed analyses of the <i>k</i><sub>s</sub> values for the above reaction indicated that
the reaction was also explained by an allylic hydrogen abstraction
reaction. Furthermore, the structure–activity relationship
for the reaction was discussed by taking the result of density functional
theory calculation reported by Martinez and Barbosa into account
Notable Effects of Metal Salts on UV–Vis Absorption Spectra of α‑, β‑, γ‑, and δ‑Tocopheroxyl Radicals in Acetonitrile Solution. The Complex Formation between Tocopheroxyls and Metal Cations
The measurements of the UV–vis absorption spectra
of α-,
β-, γ-, and δ-tocopheroxyl (α-, β-,
γ-, and δ-Toc<sup>•</sup>) radicals were performed
by reacting aroxyl (ArO<sup>•</sup>) radical with α-,
β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol (α-, β-, γ-,
and δ-TocH), respectively, in acetonitrile solution including
three kinds of alkali and alkaline earth metal salts (LiClO<sub>4</sub>, NaClO<sub>4</sub>, and MgÂ(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) (MX or
MX<sub>2</sub>), using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The maximum
wavelengths (λ<sub>max</sub>) of the absorption spectra of the
α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Toc<sup>•</sup> located
at 425–428 nm without metal salts increased with increasing
concentrations of metal salts (0–0.500 M) in acetonitrile and
approached some constant values, suggesting (Toc<sup>•</sup>···M<sup>+</sup> (or M<sup>2+</sup>)) complex formations.
Similarly, the values of the apparent molar extinction coefficient
(ε<sub>max</sub>) increased drastically with increasing concentrations
of metal salts in acetonitrile and approached some constant values.
The result suggests that the formations of Toc<sup>•</sup> dimers
were suppressed by the metal ion complex formations of Toc<sup>•</sup> radicals. The stability constants (<i>K</i>) were determined
for Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, and Mg<sup>2+</sup> complexes
of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Toc<sup>•</sup>. The <i>K</i> values increased in the order of NaClO<sub>4</sub> < LiClO<sub>4</sub> < MgÂ(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, being independent of the kinds of Toc<sup>•</sup> radicals.
Furthermore, the <i>K</i> values increased in the order
of δ- < γ- < β- < α-Toc<sup>•</sup> radicals for each metal salt. The alkali and alkaline earth metal
salts having a smaller ionic radius of the cation and a larger charge
of the cation gave a larger shift of the λ<sub>max</sub> value,
a larger ε<sub>max</sub> value, and a larger <i>K</i> value. The result of the DFT molecular orbital calculations indicated
that the α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Toc<sup>•</sup> radicals were stabilized by the (1:1) complex formation with metal
cations (Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, and Mg<sup>2+</sup>). Stabilization
energy (<i>E</i><sub>S</sub>) due to the complex formation
increased in the order of Na<sup>+</sup> < Li<sup>+</sup> <
Mg<sup>2+</sup> complexes, being independent of the kinds of Toc<sup>•</sup> radicals. The calculated result also indicated that
the metal cations coordinate to the O atom at the sixth position of
α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Toc<sup>•</sup> radicals
Development of a New Free Radical Absorption Capacity Assay Method for Antioxidants: Aroxyl Radical Absorption Capacity (ARAC)
A new
free radical absorption capacity assay method is proposed
with use of an aroxyl radical (2,6-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-(4′-methoxyphenyl)Âphenoxyl
radical) and stopped-flow spectroscopy and is named the aroxyl radical
absorption capacity (ARAC) assay method. The free radical absorption
capacity (ARAC value) of each tocopherol was determined through measurement
of the radical-scavenging rate constant in ethanol. The ARAC value
could also be evaluated through measurement of the half-life of the
aroxyl radical during the scavenging reaction. For the estimation
of the free radical absorption capacity, the aroxyl radical was more
suitable than the DPPH radical, galvinoxyl, and <i>p</i>-nitrophenyl nitronyl nitroxide. The ARAC value in tocopherols showed
the same tendency as the free radical absorption capacities reported
previously, and the tendency was independent of an oxygen radical
participating in the scavenging reaction and of a medium surrounding
the tocopherol and oxygen radical. The ARAC value can be directly
connected to the free radical-scavenging rate constant, and the ARAC
method has the advantage of treating a stable and isolable radical
(aroxyl radical) in a user-friendly organic solvent (ethanol). The
ARAC method was also successfully applied to a palm oil extract. Accordingly,
the ARAC method would be useful in free radical absorption capacity
assay of antioxidative reagents and foods
Kinetic Study of the Scavenging Reaction of the Aroxyl Radical by Seven Kinds of Rice Bran Extracts in Ethanol Solution. Development of an Aroxyl Radical Absorption Capacity (ARAC) Assay Method
Recently,
a new assay method that can quantify the aroxyl radical
(ArO•) absorption capacity (ARAC) of antioxidants (AOHs) was
proposed. In the present work, the second-order rate constants (<i>k</i><sub>s</sub><sup>Extract</sup>) and ARAC values for the
reaction of ArO• with seven kinds of rice bran extracts 1–7,
which contain different concentrations of α-, β-, γ-,
and δ-tocopherols and -tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-,
and δ-Tocs and -Toc-3s) and γ-oryzanol, were measured
in ethanol at 25 °C using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The <i>k</i><sub>s</sub><sup>Extract</sup> value (1.26 × 10<sup>–2</sup> M<sup>–1</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>) of Nipponbare
(extract 1) with the highest activity was 1.5 times larger than that
(8.29 × 10<sup>–3</sup>) of Milyang-23 (extract 7) with
the lowest activity. The concentrations (in mg/100 g) of α-,
β-, γ-, and δ-Tocs and -Toc-3s and γ-oryzanol
found in the seven extracts 1–7 were determined using HPLC-MS/MS
and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, respectively. From the
results, it has been clarified that the ArO•-scavenging rates
(<i>k</i><sub>s</sub><sup>Extract</sup>) (that is, the relative
ARAC value) obtained for the seven extracts 1–7 may be approximately
explained as the sum of the product {Σ <i>k</i><sub>s</sub><sup>AOH‑<i>i</i></sup> [AOH-<i>i</i>]/10<sup>5</sup>} of the rate constant (<i>k</i><sub>s</sub><sup>AOH‑<i>i</i></sup>) and the concentration ([AOH-<i>i</i>]/10<sup>5</sup>) of AOH-<i>i</i> (Tocs, Toc-3s,
and γ-oryzanol) included in rice bran extracts. The contribution
of γ-oryzanol to the <i>k</i><sub>s</sub><sup>Extract</sup> value was estimated to be between 3.0–4.7% for each extract.
Taken together, these results suggest that the ARAC assay method is
applicable to general food extracts
Development of a Singlet Oxygen Absorption Capacity (SOAC) Assay Method. Measurements of the SOAC Values for Carotenoids and α‑Tocopherol in an Aqueous Triton X‑100 Micellar Solution
Recently, a new assay method for
the quantification of the singlet
oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) of antioxidants (AOs) and food extracts
in homogeneous organic solvents was proposed. In this study, second-order
rate constants (<i>k</i><sub>Q</sub>) for the reaction of
singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) with eight different carotenoids
(Cars) and α-tocopherol (α-Toc) were measured in an aqueous
Triton X-100 (5.0 wt %) micellar solution (pH 7.4, 35 °C), which
was used as a simple model of biomembranes. The <i>k</i><sub>Q</sub> and relative SOAC values were measured using ultraviolet–visible
(UV–vis) spectroscopy. The UV–vis absorption spectra
of Cars and α-Toc were measured in both a micellar solution
and chloroform, to investigate the effect of solvent on the <i>k</i><sub>Q</sub> and SOAC values. Furthermore, decay rates
(<i>k</i><sub>d</sub>) of <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> were
measured in 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt % micellar solutions (pH 7.4),
using time-resolved near-infrared fluorescence spectroscopy, to determine
the absolute <i>k</i><sub>Q</sub> values of the AOs. The
results obtained demonstrate that the <i>k</i><sub>Q</sub> values of AOs in homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions vary notably
depending on (i) the polarity [dielectric constant (ε)] of the
reaction field between AOs and <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>, (ii) the
local concentration of AOs, and (iii) the mobility of AOs in solution.
In addition, the <i>k</i><sub>Q</sub> and relative SOAC
values obtained for the Cars in a heterogeneous micellar solution
differ remarkably from those in homogeneous organic solvents. Measurements
of <i>k</i><sub>Q</sub> and SOAC values in a micellar solution
may be useful for evaluating the <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> quenching
activity of AOs in biological systems
Kinetic study of the quenching reaction of singlet oxygen by α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocotrienols, and palm oil and soybean extracts in solution
<div><p>Measurements of the singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) quenching rates (<i>k</i><sub><i>Q</i></sub> (<i>S</i>)) and the relative singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) values were performed for 11 antioxidants (AOs) (eight vitamin E homologues (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and -tocotrienols (-Tocs and -Toc-3s)), two vitamin E metabolites (α- and γ-carboxyethyl-6-hydroxychroman), and trolox) in ethanol/chloroform/D<sub>2</sub>O (50:50:1, v/v/v) and ethanol solutions at 35 °C. Similar measurements were performed for five palm oil extracts 1–5 and one soybean extract 6, which included different concentrations of Tocs, Toc-3s, and carotenoids. Furthermore, the concentrations (wt%) of Tocs, Toc-3s, and carotenoids included in extracts 1–6 were determined. From the results, it has been clarified that the <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>-quenching rates (<i>k</i><sub><i>Q</i></sub> (<i>S</i>)) (that is, the relative SOAC value) obtained for extracts 1–6 may be explained as the sum of the product {Σ <i>k</i><sub><i>Q</i></sub><sup>AO-<i>i</i></sup> (<i>S</i>) [AO-<i>i</i>]/100} of the rate constant (<i>k</i><sub><i>Q</i></sub><sup>AO-<i>i</i></sup> (<i>S</i>)) and the concentration ([AO-<i>i</i>]/100) of AO-<i>i</i> (Tocs, Toc-3s, and carotenoid) included.</p></div
Kinetic study of the quenching reaction of singlet oxygen by seven rice bran extracts in ethanol solution. Development of a singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) assay method
<p>Measurements of singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) quenching rates (<i>k</i><sub>Q</sub> (<i>S</i>)) and the relative singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) values were performed for seven rice bran extracts 1–7, which contained different concentrations of antioxidants (AOs) (such as α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and -tocotrienols, three carotenoids (lutein, β-carotene, and zeaxanthin), and γ-oryzanol), in ethanol at 35 °C using UV–vis spectrophotometry. The concentrations of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, three carotenoids, and γ-oryzanol contained in the extracts were determined using HPLC-MS/MS, UV-HPLC, and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, respectively. Furthermore, comparisons of <i>k</i><sub>Q</sub> (<i>S</i>) (Obsd.) values observed for the above extracts 1–7 with the sum of the product { [AO-<i>i</i>]} of the values obtained for each AO-<i>i</i> and the concentration ([AO-<i>i</i>]) of AO-<i>i</i> contained in extracts 1–7 were performed. From the results, it has been ascertained that the SOAC method is applicable to general food extracts to evaluate their <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>-quenching activity.</p> <p>Measurements of the quenching rate (<i>k</i><sub>Q</sub>) of singlet oxygen were performed for seven rice bran extracts in ethanol to evaluate their singlet oxygen quenching activity.</p