Additional file 1: Table S1. of School-based intervention to enable school children to act as change agents on weight, physical activity and diet of their mothers: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Baseline characteristics of completers and non-completers. (DOC 59 kb

Additional file 2: Table S2. of School-based intervention to enable school children to act as change agents on weight, physical activity and diet of their mothers: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Effect of intervention on primary and secondary outcomes at 12th month follow-up: LOCF analysis. (DOC 42 kb

Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus according to age-specific tertile of cardiorespiratory fitness level or weight status

<p>Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.</p><p>*P for trend was calculated by assigning ordinal numbers 1 to 3 to tertile category of estimated VO_2max and treating this variable as continuous.</p>†<p>Median (range).</p>‡<p>Adjusted for age, baseline year (2003, 2004, or 2005), smoking status (non-smoker or current smoker consuming 1 to 10, 11 to 20, or ≥21 cigarettes per day), alcohol consumption (non-drinker or drinker consuming <1 unit, 1 to <2 units, or ≥2 units of alcohol per day, 1 unit of alcohol corresponds to 1 go of Japanese sake which approximately contains 23 g of ethanol), sleep duration (<7, 7 to <9, or ≥9 hours per day), hypertension (presence or absence), and family history of diabetes (presence or absence).</p>§<p>Adjusted for factors in model 1 plus BMI (<18.5, 18.5 to <23, 23 to <25, ≥25 kg/m²) for fitness, or age-specific tertile category of fitness for BMI.</p

Joint associations of weight status and cardiorespiratory fitness with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus

<p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range.</p><p>*P value between fit and unfit in each category of BMI.</p>†<p>Adjusted for age, baseline year (2003, 2004, or 2005), smoking status (non-smoker or current smoker consuming 1 to 10, 11 to 20, or ≥21 cigarettes per day), alcohol consumption (non-drinker or drinker consuming <1 unit, 1 to <2 units, or ≥2 units per day, 1 unit of alcohol corresponds to 1 go of Japanese sake which approximately contains 23 g of ethanol), sleep duration (<7, 7 to <9, or ≥9 hours per day), hypertension (presence or absence), and family history of diabetes (presence or absence).</p

Baseline characteristics of men with and without incident type 2 diabetes mellitus during follow-up.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.</p><p>*P value was calculated by t-test for continuous variables and χ² test for categorical variables.</p>†<p>Consuming ≥2 units of alcohol per day, 1 unit of alcohol corresponds to 1 go of Japanese sake which approximately contains 23 g of ethanol.</p

Baseline characteristics of participants according to quintile categories of low-carbohydrate diet score.

<p>Abbreviations: MET, metabolic equivalent; Q, quintile.</p><p>Data are mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated.</p><p>¹ Subjects with missing information were excluded (body mass index: n = 566 in men, n = 894 in women; total physical activity: n = 4663 in men, n = 6442 in women; smoking status: n = 641 in men, n = 2332 in women; alcohol consumption: n = 605 in men, n = 1197 in women; coffee consumption: n = 1451 in men, n = 1880 in women).</p><p>Baseline characteristics of participants according to quintile categories of low-carbohydrate diet score.</p

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of type 2 diabetes according to quintile categories of low-carbohydrate diet score after adjustment for foods and nutrients in women.

<p>¹Based on multiple logistic regression analysis, with the median value of low-carbohydrate diet score assigned to quintile of the diet score.</p><p>²Adjusted for age (year), study area (11 areas), body mass index (<21, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, or ≥27 kg/m²), smoking status (never, past, current with a consumption of <20 or ≥20 cigarettes/day), alcohol consumption (nondrinker, occasional drinker, or drinker with a consumption of <150, 150–299, 300–449, or ≥450 g ethanol/week), family history of diabetes mellitus (yes or no), total physical activity (quartile, metabolic equivalent-hour/day), history of hypertension (yes or no), total energy intake (kcal/day), and coffee consumption (almost never, <1, 1, or ≥2 cups/day).</p><p>³Additionally adjusted for intake of each food or nutrient (continuous).</p><p>Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of type 2 diabetes according to quintile categories of low-carbohydrate diet score after adjustment for foods and nutrients in women.</p

The odds ratio (OR) of impaired glucose metabolism (n = 119) according to tertile categories of fatty acid pattern score.

1<p>Adjusted for age (y) and sex.</p>2<p>Adjusted for age (y) sex, BMI (kg/m²), shiftwork (yes or no), leisure time physical activity (0, 1<–<3, 3–<10, ≥10 Mets-h/w), work-related physical activity (<3, 3–<7, 7–<20, ≥20 Mets-h/w), smoking status (never and past, current and <20 cigarette/d, or current and ≥20 cigarette/d), alcohol consumption (nondrinker and 1–3 d/m, <23 g ethanol/d, 23–<46 g ethanol/d, or ≥46 g ethanol/d), hypertension (yes or no), hyperlipidemia (yes or no), parental history of diabetes (yes, no or unknown), log transformed total energy intake (kcal/d), and protein intake (% energy).</p>3<p>Number of cases of tertile 1 to tertile 3 was 27, 35, and 57 for factor 1, 40, 45, and 34 for factor 2, and 44, 35, and 40 for factor 3, respectively.</p>4<p>Based on multiple linear regression analysis, assigning ordinal numbers 0−2 to tertile categories of each fatty acid intake.</p>5<p>Number of cases of tertile 1 to tertile 3 was 17, 18, and 26 for factor 1, 16, 27, and 18 for factor 2, and 24, 15, and 22 for factor 3, respectively.</p>6<p>Number of cases of tertile 1 to tertile 3 was 10, 16, and 32 for factor 1, 25, 17, and 16 for factor 2, and 20, 20, and 18 for factor 3, respectively.</p

Factor loading matrix for the major fatty acid patterns identified by principal component analysis.

<p>Factor loading matrix for the major fatty acid patterns identified by principal component analysis.</p

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of type 2 diabetes according to quintile categories of low-carbohydrate diet score.

<p>Abbreviation: Q, quintile.</p><p>¹Based on multiple logistic regression analysis, with the median value of low-carbohydrate diet score assigned to quintile of the diet score.</p><p>²Adjusted for age (year) and study area (11 areas).</p><p>³Adjusted for age, study area, smoking status (never, past, current with a consumption of <20 or ≥20 cigarettes/day), alcohol consumption (nondrinker, occasional drinker, or drinker with a consumption of <150, 150–299, 300–449, or ≥450 g ethanol/week), family history of diabetes mellitus (yes or no), total physical activity (quartile, metabolic equivalent-hour/day), history of hypertension (yes or no), total energy intake (kcal/day), and coffee consumption (almost never, <1, 1, or ≥2 cups/day).</p><p>⁴Additionally adjusted for body mass index (<21, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, or ≥27 kg/m²).</p><p>Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of type 2 diabetes according to quintile categories of low-carbohydrate diet score.</p