Sports Celebrity Influence on the Behavioral Intentions of Generation Z

The research is to determine what the effects, if any, professional athlete endorsers or spokespersons have on the generation Z cohort. There is a relative lack of published research that investigated the influence sport celebrity endorsers had on generation Z. This study primarily focused on the exploration of the role sports celebrities play as vicarious role models for members of generation, as well as touched upon whether sports celebrity endorsers affected generation Z’s behavioral intentions. In addition, the influence sports celebrity endorsers had on females in comparison to males was also studied. It was found that sports celebrity spokespersons or endorsers act as vicarious role models for specifically generation Z. It was also concluded that sports celebrity spokesperson or endorsers influence Generation Z’s behavioral intentions

The Forgotten Subjects: Implementation of Science and Social Studies into Elementary Education

The content areas of science and social studies are areas that students in today\u27s elementary education classrooms do not interact with daily. In many general education classrooms, literacy and mathematics take up a majority of the instructional time leaving students missing out on important skills that help them grow and flourish in society. The importance of science and social studies within the classrooms goes beyond simple means of expanding their knowledge. For example, these forgotten subjects allow students to connect with the world around them and incorporate the higher levels of Bloom\u27s Taxonomy. The content areas are used to deepen students\u27 skills and boost their impact left on society. Articles, journals, and webpages from the Murray State University library database and other outlets were collected and analyzed. The purpose of this literature review is to examine both the presence and the impact of science and social studies within the classroom. This review has the potential to contribute to the field of education by giving teachers the opportunity to see the detrimental impacts due of the lack of science and social studies, providing benefits to support the inclusion of science and social studies, as well as suggesting recommendations that can be implemented to boost science and social studies content time. Within the literature, I will compare and contrast themes that emerge and potentially determine patterns between schools with or without these subjects to support the recommendation of science and social studies being implemented into everyday curricula

Socioeconomic status and neural processing of a go/no-go task in preschoolers: an assessment of the P3b

While it is well established that lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with poorer executive functioning (EF), how SES relates to the neural processing of EF in childhood remains largely unexplored. We examined how household income and parent education related to amplitudes of the P3b, an event-related potential component, during one EF task. We assessed the P3b, indexing inhibition and attention allocation processes, given the importance of these skills for academic success. Children aged 4.5-5.5 years completed a go/no-task, which assesses inhibitory control and attention, while recording EEG. The P3b was assessed for both go trials (indexing sustained attention) and no-go trials (indexing inhibition processes). Higher household income was related to larger P3b amplitudes on both go and no-go trials. This was a highly educated sample, thus results indicate that P3b amplitudes are sensitive to household income even within the context of high parental education. Findings build on the behavioral literature and demonstrate that SES also has implications for the neural mechanisms underlying inhibition and attention processing in early childhood.Published versio

The Way Consumers View Male and Female Athletes

American society has created separate and unequal gender roles for men and women. It logically follows that male and female athletes also receive unequal treatment. This inequity has been shown in the quantity of media coverage each receives as well as the consumption patterns of the general public. Using a survey method, this study sought to uncover responses of consumers when presented with four different types of images of athletes. Results indicated that for image conditions of athletic competence and sexy, male and female respondents showed distinct behavioral differences. Adjective descriptors of athlete images also revealed significant insights into how the general public attends to variations in athlete portrayal. These findings matter because they have direct implications for those who manage, market, and promote women\u27s sports

Assessing Wyoming’s Public Perceptions and General Attitudes towards Archaeology, And Statewide Trends in Looting

This research was conducted with the purpose of gathering and analyzing qualitative and quantitative data related to archaeological looting and public opinion regarding archaeology and cultural heritage preservation legislation in Wyoming. Areas of the state in which impacts of looting are most prevalent and the trends in these activities, as well as statewide trends, were identified. Randomly selected residents (n = 2,040) in these areas were then targeted by an anonymous survey, which was implemented with the purpose of assessing public knowledge pertaining to cultural resource legislation and archaeology. The anonymous survey was also distributed to Wyoming Archaeological Society and Wyoming Association of Professional Archaeologists members to serve as a comparison, as knowledge regarding archaeology and cultural resource legislation was expected to be higher amongst these groups. Despite current and prior preservation efforts, archaeological looting and vandalism remains a prevalent issue within the state of Wyoming. Varying perspectives exist as to why these activities occur; whether or not the public knows of cultural heritage preservation laws; methods that should be employed to reduce looting/vandalism; types of sites that are most impacted by these activities, and general trends over the past 20 years. However, prior to now, no known state-specific research into such trends in these activities and the public’s perceptions and attitudes towards archaeology and cultural resources has been conducted. The research conducted for this thesis provides qualitative and quantitative insight into these activities and public perceptions and can serve as a basis for future research. The findings indicate a general lack of knowledge pertaining to cultural resource legislation and archaeology amongst the public respondents, which is likely associated with the increased looting activities within the areas in which they reside. However, the majority of the public is generally interested in archaeology and cultural resources and feels that archaeology makes important contributions, which include preserving the past for future generations, providing data for research on past cultures, and educating modern society about other cultures. Concepts of private property rights are directly evident in the results and overall, level of education and age play an important role in respondent knowledge. The most significant outcome of this research is that the knowledge it has provided regarding the public’s attitudes and perceptions related to archaeology and cultural resources can be utilized to key in on specific issues or areas, which can be targeted to influence positive change

Kayla Mitchell, Senior Art Exhibition Portfolio

This is a portfolio of work shown in the Bush Art Center Galleries at St. Norbert College from April 8th through May 3rd, 2019. This work includes a series of four illustrations.https://digitalcommons.snc.edu/artportfolios/1031/thumbnail.jp

The Effect of Isolation by Waterfalls and Dams on Stream Fish Morphology

Large dams with upstream reservoirs can cause divergent selection in fish morphology; however, the effect of isolation from small dams without upstream reservoirs is largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of isolation on stream fish body morphology and the related effect of isolation time on morphological divergence by comparing fish associated with older barriers (waterfalls) to very new barriers (dams). These effects were investigated in five species from the southern Lake Superior basin. Geometric morphometric techniques were used to quantify differences in fish body shape based on species-specific landmarks. Significant intraspecific differences between stream populations and between above-barrier and below-barrier populations were found in three species. The majority of body shape variation was associated with deeper body depths (Salvelinus fontinalis and Rhinichthys atratulus) and position of pre-opercular spine and head length (Cottus bairdi). There was greater morphological divergence between Cottus bairdi separated by waterfalls than by dams. Nonparametric multiplicative regression identified the best environmental predictor for body shape as wetted width (Rhinichthys atratulus), stream velocity (Salvelinus fontinalis), or stream population (Cottus bairdi). These results suggest that for some species isolation by dams and waterfalls is associated with divergent intraspecific morphology

Determining Drag Forces on 3D Printed Shark Skin and the Conditions in which Drag Forces are Reduced

ABSTRACT This project was conducted at the University of Arkansas with access to 3D printers and a water tunnel. The project examines drag forces over 3D-printed shark skin. Shark skin was chosen to be studied because of its unique three-pronged denticle shape and the assumption that this unique shape has a purpose, such as drag reduction. A shark denticle was designed using SolidWorks software, multiplied 164 times creating a total skin area of 17.5 in2, and printed using both a MakerBot Replicator 2 3D printer and an Ultimaker 2 Go 3D printer. The shark skin was initially printed using NinjaFlex material with the MakerBot, but the final 3D printed shark skin was printed with PLA using the Ultimaker printer. The Ultimaker printer has a higher resolution with an ability to print up to 20 micron, yielding a higher quality print [6]. The shark skin was placed on a 3D printed ABS plate and tested in a water tunnel against a control plate without shark skin. The plates were set to test at speeds of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and at the water tunnel’s maximum speed setting of 5 in/s. The water tunnel, however, only reached a maximum of about 3.52 in/s. Experimental data collected using deflection measurements yielded an average drag reduction value of 32%. This value was greater than expected due to the limited measurement sensitivity of this means of data collection. A strain gage setup was also used to collect data, but due to limited time, the setup was not calibrated as necessary. Preliminary data was taken, however, and is included in this paper