Siyano akrilik asit içeren dibenzonaftiridin türevlerinin sentezi

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Boya duyarlı güneş gözelerinde (DSSC) genellikle duyarlaştırıcı olarak metal içeren ya da içermeyen sentetik organik boyalar kullanılmaktadır. Metal içermeyen boyalar genellikle donör (D)-konjüge π-köprüsü-akseptör (A) (D−π−A) düzenindeki bir yapıdan oluşurlar ve uyarıldıklarında D'den A'ya π-köprüsü aracılığıyla molekül içi elektron transferi gerçekleştirirler. Metal içermeyen organik boyalarda başlıca bileşen, molekülün absorpsiyon kapasitesini ve molekül içi elektron transferini sağlayanaromatik π−köprüsüdür. Kaynaşık π−köprüsü içeren boyaların artan konjügasyondan dolayı hem absorpsiyonları genişler hem de molarabsorpsiyon katsayıları artar. Bu nedenle, kaynaşık aromatik π−köprüleriyle ilgili çalışmalara olan ilgi artmıştır.Dibenzonaftiridinmolekül yapısı da kaynaşık aromatik halkalardan oluşmaktadır.Çeşitli biyolojik aktivitelerinden ve fotofiziksel özelliklerinden dolayı çok önemli olmalarına rağmen, bu bileşiklerin doğrudan sentezi ile ilgili sınırlı sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada, donör olarakmetoksi, trimetoksi, dimetilamin, metil grupları, -köprüsü olarak dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naftiridin yapısı, akseptör olarak ise siyano akrilik asitin kullanıldığı dört bileşik ilk kez sentezlendi. Öncelikle, ilerleyen basamaklarda yapılan paladyum katalizli çapraz kenetlenme reaksiyonlarına brom kaynağı olması için 2'-aminoasetofenon bileşiği bromlandı. Elde edilen bu bileşik Vilsmeierreaksiyonuyla 6-bromo-4-klorokinolin-3-karbaldehite (TS2) dönüştürüldü. Bu bileşik çeşitli anilin türevleri ile reaksiyona sokularak donör içeren dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naftiridintürevleri (TS31, TS32, TS33, TS34) elde edildi. Brom içeren bu bileşikler Suzuki-Miyaura reaksiyonu ile aldehit grubu içeren türevlerine (TS41, TS42, TS43, TS44) dönüştürüldü. Son olarak, aldehit grubu içeren bu bileşikler siyanoasetik ile reaksiyona sokularak Knoevenagel reaksiyonu ile siyanoakrilik asit grubu içeren dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naftiridinbileşikleri (TS51, TS52, TS53, TS54) elde edildi. Sonuç olarak, boya duyarlı güneş pillerinde kullanılmak üzere D−π−A sistemine sahip dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naftiridinbileşikleri sentezlendi. Sentezlenen bileşiklerin yapıları1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS-ESI(+) ve IR spektrumları alınarak doğrulandı.Synthetic organic dyes with or without metals are generally used as sensitizers in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Organic dyes without metals are generally consist with a structure of donor-conjugated π bridge-acceptor (D−π−A) and carry out intramolecular electron transfer from donor (D) to acceptor (A) through the π bridge. Aromatic π bridge is the major component of these dyes which increases absorption capacity and provides intramolecular electron transfer. Fused aromatic π bridges exhibit broad and intense spectral absorption in the visible-light region, which is beneficial to enhance photovoltaic performance of these dyes. Molecular structures of dibenzonaftiridine compounds are also composed of fused aromatic rings. Although they are very important due to their various biological activities and photophysical properties, there are limited numbers of studies on the direct synthesis of these compounds. In this study, four compounds bearing metoxy, trimethoxy, dimethylamino, methyl groups as donors, dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naphthyridine as π bridge, cyanoacrylic acid as acceptorweresynthesizedforthefirst time. At the outset, the starting compound 2'-aminoacetophenone was brominated to provide a bromine source to the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in the following steps.The obtained compound was converted to 6-bromo-4-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (TS2) by Vilsmeier reaction.This compound was reacted with various aniline derivatives to yield donor containing dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives (TS31, TS32, TS33, TS34). Subsequently,these compounds containing bromine were converted to aldehyde group containing derivatives (TS41, TS42, TS43, TS44) by the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction.Finally, these aldehyde group-containing compounds were converted to dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naphthyridine compounds containing cyano acrylic acid (TS51, TS52, TS53, TS54) by Knoevenagel reaction usingcyanoaceticacid. As a result, dibenzo [b,h][1,6]naphthyridine compounds with D−π−A system were obtained for use in dye sensitized solar cells.The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by taking 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS-ESI (+) and IR spectra

What does geometry do? A review of the Harun Reşit Kocacan’s narrative

This article deals with the story of Harun Reşit Kocacan, one of the most important educators of the Republican period, who wrote about his experiences in Geometry lessons during his student years. The research conducted with the narrative research method. The data collection tool of the research is Kocacan's article titled "How did I love geometry?" published in 1924. Before analyzing the data, the researcher and a math education specialist read the story first separately and then together. In the analysis phase, the conditions and educational understanding of that period were also taken into consideration. Basically the data analysis was based on the interpretive hermeneutic approach and thematic content analysis. The prominent themes in the story are Harun Reşit's geometry lessons, his geometry teacher's approach to him and other students, and his journey to discover "what does geometry do?". Harun Reşit explained that he was afraid of his geometry teacher, that geometry teaching was not associated with daily life, the process of understanding what geometry was for and the pleasure he felt when understood. In the findings section, excerpts from Kocacan's story are given and in the discussion section, it is tried to compare today's geometry teaching with this example in our history.&nbsp

Evaluation of Semicircular Canal Functions by the Video Head Impulse Test (vHIT) in Individuals with Motion Sickness

Background: In the occurrence of motion sickness, the functioning of the vestibular system in harmony has an important role. Aim/Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the vestibular system in individuals with motion disease with the Video Head Impulse Test (vHIT) device, which evaluates the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Materials and Methods: Thirty individuals with motion sickness (21 females, 9 males) and 30 healthy individuals (11 females, 19 males) without any vestibular complaints were examined with the vHIT device. All participants were older than 18 years. Results: It was observed that VOR gain values of the individuals with motion disease were significantly lower than those of the healthy individuals. Asymmetry values of the individuals with motion disease in all semicircular canals were higher than those of the healthy individuals; however, this difference was statistically significant only in the anterior semicircular canal. Conclusion and Significance: The observation of low gain values in all semicircular canals in individuals with motion sickness suggested that individuals with motion sickness may experience dysfunction in the sensory organelles in the vestibular system. Studies with larger case series and audiological test batteries will help us better understand motion sickness. Keywords: Motion sickness; vestibular; vHIT DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/79-05 Publication date:August 31st 202

Severity of diplodia shoot blight (caused by diplodia sapinea) was greatest on pinus sylvestris and pinus nigra in a plantation containing five pine species

The authors thank the Ministry of Forestry for pro-viding the seedlings used in this research. Financial support was provided by SDÜ BAP 3826-YL1-13 and TÜBİTAK – TOVAG (Project No: 114O138).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

An Association Between the Intestinal Permeability Biomarker Zonulin and the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Objectives:Increased intestinal permeability (IP) and gut microbiota dysbiosis have been implicated in low-grade chronic inflammation, which is an important factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study aims to demonstrate the relationship between the IP biomarker zonulin and DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Materials and Methods:This study was conducted with a total of 89 T2DM patients, including 33 non-DR, 28 with nonproliferative DR (NPDR), and 28 with proliferative DR (PDR), and 32 healthy controls. Zonulin levels were determined from blood samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.Results:There was no difference between the four groups in terms of age (p=0.236), gender (p=0.952), and body mass index (p=0.134) of the participants. Zonulin levels were significantly higher in the PDR group compared to the other three groups, as well as in the non-DR and NPDR groups compared to the control group. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, zonulin was found to be an independent predictor of DR (odds ratio: 1,781, 95% confidence interval: 1,122-2,829, p=0.014).Conclusion:Our study showed that elevated zonulin levels may play a significant role in the development of DR, particularly during the transition to the proliferative stage. This suggests that regulation of IP could be one of the targets of DR treatment. More studies are needed to determine whether a eubiotic gut microbiota and IP have a direct relationship with DR

Fungal endophytes in the needles of native and exotic pine species in a planta-tion in Northwestern Türkiye

The endophytic fungi present in needles of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinaster, Pinus nigra, Pinus taeda and Pinus radiata were investigated in Kerpe Research Forest, İzmit in 2016. Ten trees of each pine species were sampled systematically. Previous years green needles were sampled from the lower part of the canopy, from two equally spaced positions around the tree. Each needle was surface sterilized and cut into 0.5 cm sections then individually placed onto malt extract agar plates. DNA was ex-tracted from reprensentative seven isolates and amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 targeting the nuclear 5.8S rDNA gene and the two ITS regions flanked between 18S and 28S rDNA genes. Amplicons sequenced in both directions using the univer-sal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4. Isolations from a total of 1000 needles (200 from each pine species) yielded 750 fungal isolates. Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert was isolated at the highest frequency followed by Acremonium sp., Cladio-sporum sp. and Cyclaneusma minus

ŞEKİL HAFIZALI ALAŞIMLARDA MARTENSİTİK FAZ DÖNÜŞÜMÜ VE ŞEKİL HAFIZA MEKANİZMASI

ŞEKİL HAFIZALI ALAŞIMLARDA MARTENSİTİK FAZ DÖNÜŞÜMÜ VE ŞEKİL HAFIZA MEKANİZMASIÖzetDışarıdan uygulanan etkiler karşısında istenilen tepkilerin alınabildiği malzemeler akıllı malzeme olarak adlandırılır. Bunların en önemli sınıfını Şekil Hafızalı Alaşımlar (ŞHA) oluşturur. Uygun termomekanik işlemler gerçekleştirildiğinde önceden sahip olunan şekil ya da büyüklüğü kazanabilen alaşımlara ŞHA denir. ŞHA’da mikroskobik seviyedeki martensitik faz dönüşümleri, makroskobik seviyede şekil değişmesine neden olur. Bu tür alaşımlar, martensit fazda deforme edildikten sonra, üzerlerindeki yük kaldırılıp ve martensit fazdan ana faza (austenite faz) dönüşecek şekilde ısıtıldıklarında tekrar eski şekillerini alırlar. Bu alaşımlar uzay, otomotiv ve medikal gibi alanlarda yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Şekil hafızalı alaşımlar, Martensitik faz dönüşümü, Difüzyonsuz faz dönüşümü.MARTENSITIC PHASE TRANSFORMATION AND SHAPE MEMORY MECHANISM FOR SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYSAbstractSmart materials are a class of materials which have properties that can be changed by external stimuli. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are an important class of smart materials, which, upon deformation, can return to their undeformed shape or geometry upon heating. This shape or geometry change is only possible when appropriate thermomechanical procedures are applied on the SMA. The martensitic phase transformation that takes place microscopically in the SMA leads to a macroscopic shape change. SMAs, once deformed in the low-temperature martensite phase, can recover their undeformed shapes, when they are unloaded and heated to the high-temperature austenite phase. These alloys are used widely in areas such as space, automotive and medical.Keywords: Shape memory alloys, Martensitic phase transformation, Diffusionless phase transformation

Türkiye’de ulusal akne haftasında yapılan bilgilendirme seminerlerinin katılımcıların akne hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerine etkisi

Background and Design: To investigate the contribution of informative presentations about acne vulgaris and questionnaires administered before and after informative meetings on patients' awareness and consciousness. Materials and Methods: Participants were asked to fill out a 20-question survey before and after informative seminars in hospitals and secondary and high schools as part of National Acne Week. The level of statistical significance was set as p <= 0.05. Results: A total of 466 participants completed the survey before and after the seminar, and the mean age of the participants was 17.4 +/- 6.9. Before the seminar, 31.1% of participants thought that acne is originated from the liver, whereas this figure decreased to 16.7% after the seminar. In all, 47.6% of participants consulted doctors and 23.9% consulted social media to seek information about acne; however, after receiving training, 77% preferred to consult a doctor. Of the participants, 51.1% were expecting to see the results of acne treatment in 1 or 2 weeks, whereas 83.3% stated that the effects would be seen in 2 or 3 months after the seminar. When the participants' educational background was grouped as "secondary-high school-other," a statistically significant difference was obtained (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our study features both patients' misconceptions and their incorrect attitudes about acne, and their level of knowledge improved significantly as a result of educational seminars. The relative benefit derived from educational seminars was positively related to the participants' highest level of education.Amaç: Akne vulgaris ile ilgili bilgilendirme toplantısı öncesi ve sonrasında uygulanan anket formları ile bilgilendirici sunumların akne hakkındaki farkındalık ve bilinç düzeylerine katkısını incelemek amaçlanmaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Ulusal Akne Haftası kapsamında hastane, ortaokul ve lise dengi okullarda verilen bilinçlendirme eğitimi öncesi ve sonrasında katılımcılardan 20 soruluk bir anket doldurmaları istendi. İstatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p≤0,05 olarak kabul edildi. Bulgular: Eğitim öncesi ve sonrasında anket formunu dolduran 466 kişinin yaş ortalaması 17,4±6,9 idi. Eğitim öncesi katılımcıların %31,1’i aknenin karaciğer kaynaklı olduğunu düşünürken, eğitim sonrası bu oran %16,7’ye indi. Akne hakkında bilgi almak için eğitim öncesi katılımcıların %47,6’sı doktora, %23,9’u sosyal medyaya başvururken, eğitim sonrası %77’si doktora başvurmayı tercih edeceğini belirtti. Katılımcıların %51,1’i akne tedavisinin 1-2 hafta içerisinde etkisini göstereceğini beklerken, eğitim sonrası %83,3’ü 2-3 ay kullandıktan sonra yanıt alınabileceğini belirtti. Kişilerin öğrenim durumları, “ortaokul-lise-diğer” olarak gruplandırıldığında, eğitim sonrası gruplar arasında öğrenim durumlarına göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık saptandı (p=0,005). Sonuç: Çalışmamız bireylerin hem akne hakkındaki yanlış bilgi ve tutumlarını ön plana çıkarmakta, hem de hekimlerin vereceği eğitim seminerleri ve bilgilendirme toplantıları ile bilgi düzeylerinde kayda değer bir gelişme sağlanacağını göstermektedir

Evaluation of Four Adult Visceral Leishmaniasis Cases

Leishmania infantum is the species responsible for visceral leishmaniasis [(VL), kala-azar], which is observed sporadically mainly in pediatric age groups in the Aegean, Mediterranean and Central Anatolian regions of Türkiye. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnosis, clinic, laboratory results and treatments of four adult patients with VL who applied to our hospital. The patients were referred to our hospital to investigate hematological malignancy. In the study, the data of four patients (three men, one woman; age range: 30-40 years) who were diagnosed with VL and treated in the infectious diseases clinic of our hospital between January 2022 and April 2022 were evaluated retrospectively. The diagnosis of VL was made according to appropriate clinical and physical examination findings, biochemical and serological tests (indirect fluorescent antibody test and rK39 rapid antigen test) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results, as well as the presence of amastigote forms of the parasite in bone marrow samples. Serology positivity was found in all patients, and bone marrow positivity was found in two patients. According to the results of RT-PCR in all patients, it was determined that the species causing the disease was L. infantum/L. donovani. Initially, the most common symptoms were fever, fatigue, and abdominal distension. None of the patients had an immunosuppressive condition. It was understood that all the patients lived in the rural area of Syria’s Idlib province. Hepatosplenomegaly, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were found in all patients. The patients were treated with liposomal amphotericin-B (L-AMB). One patient did not come for follow-ups, the other three patients were found to have completely recovered in their follow-up. No recurrence was observed in any of the patients. In conclusion, VL should be considered in patients who apply to health institutions with complaints of fever, hepatosplenomegaly, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia

Seydişehir İlçesi, Toros Göknarı meşcerelerinde Heterobasidion abietinum tarafından kaynaklanan çürüklüğün gövde içindeki gelişimi ve mücadelesi

Bu çalışmada, Seydişehir Orman İşletme Şefliği sınırları içinde yer alan karışık ve saf Toros göknarı meşcerelerinde bazı biyolojik etmenlerin ve kimyasalların, göknarlarda kök ve alt gövde çürüklüğüne neden olan Heterobasidion abietinum’ u engelleme üzerine etkileri ve bu ağaç türünde çürüklüğün gövde içindeki gelişimi araştırılmıştır. Arazi denemelerinde biyolojik mücadele etmenleri olarak, birer adet Trichoderma harzianum ve Phlebiopsis gigantea izolatı, kimyasallar olarak %30 üre (Tekkim) sulu solüsyonu ve boraks tozu kullanılmıştır. Çürüklüğün ağaç içindeki gelişiminin tespitine yönelik gerçekleştirilen çalışmada, biyolojik ve kimyasal muamelelerin yapıldığı alanlardan seçilen ağaçlardan, 1’er m aralıklarla diskler kestirilmiştir. Dip kütüğü seviyesinden başlayarak, her bir ağaçtan altı adet, toplamda 120 adet disk, laboratuvar koşullarında H. annosum s.l’a ait konidioforların varlığı açısından incelenmiştir. Toros göknarı meşcerelerinde H. abietinum’a karşı kimyasal ve biyolojik mücadele yöntemlerinin araştırıldığı bu denemelerde sırasıyla, üre, T. harzianum, boraks ve P. gigantea ile %98,90- 96,37- 96,25 ve 72,32 ortalama değerleri ile kontrole göre koruyuculuk sağlanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, patojen tarafından meydana getirilen çürüklüğün gövde içerisinde 5,5 m yüksekliğe kadar ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: H. abietinum, Toros göknarı, Konya-Seydişehir, çürüklük, biyolojik mücadel