A Comparative Study on the Practical Teaching Experience and Reconstruction of Teacher Culture in Japan and Italy

This paper examines the types of new teachers Japan and Italy are attempting to train using quantitative investigation data from students who would like to become kindergarten, primary or secondary school teachers and have practical teaching experience. From this comparative survey, some important finding have been drawn. In Japan, the experience of practical teaching is linked to the development of the abilities and attitudes required of a teacher. This appears to contribute to the reproduction of the ethos of teachers built from the views and abilities that an existing workplace possesses. On the other hand, in Italy, the links between the practical training experience of teachers and the abilities and attitudes they have developed are not as clear as they are in Japan.However, the Italian efforts identified so far suggest that the country is trying to restructure the current culture of teachers from outside the context of universities in a global society. It can be assumed that, together with practical skills, Italy is attempting to foster academic abilities and attitudes and to promote reflective thought and action, which lie at the heart of a framework of key competencies.本論文の目的は、日本とイタリアの教職志望学生を対象とした質問紙調査データを用い、教育実習に関する彼らの経験と意識を国際比較することを通して、どのような教師を養成しようとしているのかを考察することである。比較調査研究から、次の重要な点が明らかになった。日本では、教育実習の経験が教師として必要な力量と態度の形成に結びついており、既存の現場が有している価値観や力量といった教師文化の再生産に貢献しているようである。その一方で、新たな教育実習プログラム改革を行っているイタリアの場合、改革が開始され初めての修了生がでた第一段階では、教育実習の経験と教師の力量・態度の形成の関連は日本ほど明確ではなかった。教育実習に熱心に取り組むことが力量と態度の形成と必ずしも直線的に結びついておらず、模擬的な体験や子どもとの関わりの影響は限定的であった。だが、これまで確認してきたイタリアの取り組みからは、グローバル社会のなかで大学という学校現場の外から現在の教師文化の再構造化を行おうとする姿がよみとれる。つまり、学校現場や実践を相対化することに力点が置かれるようになっている。実践的指導力とともに、アカデミックな力や態度であり、キー・コンピテンシーの枠組みの中心にある、思慮深い思考や態度を育成しようとしていると推察される

Rab7-Mediated Endocytosis Establishes Patterning of Wnt Activity through Inactivation of Dkk Antagonism

Endocytosis has been proposed to modulate cell signaling activities. However, the role of endocytosis in embryogenesis, which requires coordination of multiple signaling inputs, has remained less understood. We previously showed that mouse embryos lacking a small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein Rab7 implicated in endocytic flow are defective in gastrulation. Here, we investigate how subcellular defects associated with Rab7 deficiency are related to the observed developmental defects. Rab7-deficient embryos fail to organize mesodermal tissues due to defects in Wnt-β-catenin signaling. Visceral endoderm (VE)-specific ablation of Rab7 results in patterning defects similar to systemic Rab7 deletion. Rab7 mutants accumulate the Wnt antagonist Dkk1 in the extracellular space and in intracellular compartments throughout the VE epithelium. These data indicate that Rab7-dependent endocytosis regulates the concentration and availability of extracellular Dkk1, thereby relieving the epiblast of antagonism. This intercellular mechanism therefore organizes distinct spatiotemporal patterns of canonical Wnt activity during the peri-gastrulation stages of embryonic development

G1 subunit of Vacuolar-type H+ pump (V-ATPase) expression level was controlled by a post transcriptional regulatory mechanism in the mouse brain.

研究ノー

Measurements of neutron total and capture cross sections of 139^{139}La and evaluation of resonance parameters

Neutron total and capture cross sections of Lanthanum(La)-139 were measured at the Accurate Ne-utron-Nucleus Reaction measurement Instrument (ANNRI) of the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF) in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). The total cross section was largely different from that in evaluated libraries, such as JENDL-5, in the energy range from 80 to 900~eV. Resonance parameters for four resonances including one negative resonance were obtained using a resonance analysis code, REFIT. The resonance analysis revealed discrepancies in several resonance parameters with the evaluated libraries. Furthermore, the information about the scattering radius was also extracted from the results of the total cross section. The obtained scattering radius was larger than that recorded in the evaluated libraries.Comment: 12 pages, 16 figure

The Reality of the Teaching Practice System in Italy:A Research Report on a Japanese–Italian Comparative Study on Teacher Training

This paper examines the types of new teachers Italy is attempting to train. Research is based on the results of questionnaire surveys targeting senior-year students aiming to become teachers by confirming the problems and the state of the educational field training program in the period when individuals who had received training in the new system began to graduate.Many Scienze della Formazione Primaria (SFP) and Tirocinio Formativo Attivo (TFA) students were aware that they had obtained the attitude of a teacher, the ability to manage classes, and the ability to teach classes. In addition, there were many students who became able to think critically about things and reflect on implementation. The current educational field training program is believed to have achieved certain results in the training of teachers as reflective practitioners who have acquired practical guidance abilities. We can see a shift away from teacher training strongly weighted towards theory.On the other hand, it can be seen from the requests of the students that there are clear issues for the educational field training program as well. More than 80% of students held the opinion that more communication with guiding teachers and children was necessary. In addition, many students are seeking to increase their class hours and their chances to hold experimental classes and it is believed that the quality and quantity of experiences at schools must be made more fulfilling. In addition, many students felt that support was needed to relate implementation to knowledge and skills learned at university and it is probably necessary to build a system which organically connects the field study experiences of students at schools with learning at university.本論文では，新システムで養成教育を受けた者が輩出され始めた時期における教育実習プログラムの現状と課題を，教職を目指す最終学年の学生を対象とした質問紙調査の結果から確認することを通して，イタリアでどのような新しい教師を養成しようとしているのかということについて検討した。その結果，次のことが明らかになった。幼稚園・小学校教員志望の学生と中等教育学校教員志望の学生ともに，授業力，学級経営力，教師としての態度を修得したと認識している者が多い。また，実践を振り返ったり，ものごとを批判的に捉えたりできるようになっている者も多い。実践的な指導力を身につけた反省的実践家としての教師を養成するという点において，現在の教育実習プログラムは一定の成果のあるものとなっていると推察される。理論的比重の高い教員養成からの転換を読み取ることができるだろう。一方，学生の要望から教育実習プログラムの課題も窺えた。指導教員や子どもとのコミュニケーションを増やすことが必要であるという意見を持っている学生は8割以上おり，また，授業時間や実験的な授業を行う機会を増やすことを求めている学生も多く，学校現場での経験の量と質をさらに充実させることが必要であると考えられる。また，大学で学習した知識・技術と実践を関連づけるサポートの必要性を感じている者も多く，大学での学習と学校現場での実習経験を学生に有機的に繋げさせるシステムを構築することが必要なのかもしれない

High Excitation Molecular Gas in the Galactic Center Loops; 12CO(J =2-1 and J =3-2) Observations

We have carried out 12CO(J =2-1) and 12CO(J =3-2) observations at spatial resolutions of 1.0-3.8 pc toward the entirety of loops 1 and 2 and part of loop 3 in the Galactic center with NANTEN2 and ASTE. These new results revealed detailed distributions of the molecular gas and the line intensity ratio of the two transitions, R3-2/2-1. In the three loops, R3-2/2-1 is in a range from 0.1 to 2.5 with a peak at ~ 0.7 while that in the disk molecular gas is in a range from 0.1 to 1.2 with a peak at 0.4. This supports that the loops are more highly excited than the disk molecular gas. An LVG analysis of three transitions, 12CO J =3-2 and 2-1 and 13CO J =2-1, toward six positions in loops 1 and 2 shows density and temperature are in a range 102.2 - 104.7 cm-3 and 15-100 K or higher, respectively. Three regions extended by 50-100 pc in the loops tend to have higher excitation conditions as characterized by R3-2/2-1 greater than 1.2. The highest ratio of 2.5 is found in the most developed foot points between loops 1 and 2. This is interpreted that the foot points indicate strongly shocked conditions as inferred from their large linewidths of 50-100 km s-1, confirming the suggestion by Torii et al. (2010b). The other two regions outside the foot points suggest that the molecular gas is heated up by some additional heating mechanisms possibly including magnetic reconnection. A detailed analysis of four foot points have shown a U shape, an L shape or a mirrored-L shape in the b-v distribution. It is shown that a simple kinematical model which incorporates global rotation and expansion of the loops is able to explain these characteristic shapes.Comment: 59 pages, accepted to PAS

Temperature and Density in the Foot Points of the Molecular Loops in the Galactic Center; Analysis of Multi-J Transitions of 12CO(J=1-0, 3-2, 4-3, 7-6), 13CO(J=1-0) and C18O(J=1-0)

Fukui et al. (2006) discovered two molecular loops in the Galactic center and argued that the foot points of the molecular loops, two bright spots at both loops ends, represent the gas accumulated by the falling motion along the loops, subsequent to magnetic flotation by the Parker instability. We have carried out sensitive CO observations of the foot points toward l=356 deg at a few pc resolution in the six rotational transitions of CO; 12CO(J=1-0, 3-2, 4-3, 7-6), 13CO(J=1-0) and C18O(J=1-0). The high resolution image of 12CO (J=3-2) has revealed the detailed distribution of the high excitation gas including U shapes, the outer boundary of which shows sharp intensity jumps accompanying strong velocity gradients. An analysis of the multi-J CO transitions shows that the temperature is in a range from 30-100 K and density is around 10^3-10^4 cm^-3, confirming that the foot points have high temperature and density although there is no prominent radiative heating source such as high mass stars in or around the loops. We argue that the high temperature is likely due to the shock heating under C-shock condition caused by the magnetic flotation. We made a comparison of the gas distribution with theoretical numerical simulations and note that the U shape is consistent with numerical simulations. We also find that the region of highest temperature of ~100 K or higher inside the U shape corresponds to the spur having an upward flow, additionally heated up either by magnetic reconnection or bouncing in the interaction with the narrow neck at the bottom of the U shape. We note these new findings further reinforce the magnetic floatation interpretation.Comment: 40 pages, 23 figures, accepted by PASJ on Vol.62 No.