A predation attempt by an oriental cuckoo Cuculus optatus on Asian stubtail Urosphena aquameiceps nestlings

Volume: 27Start Page: 93End Page: 9

長崎空港付近の鳥類 : 特にトビMilvus migransの行動パターンと食性

We examined the avifauna in and around the Nagasaki Airport, and investigated the behavior and food habits of the Black-eared Kite, Milvus migrans, which roosted in Usu-jima Islet near the airport from June, 1977 to March, 1979. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Sixty-two bird species belonging to twenty-six families were observed in and around the airport. In the course of census, we found wintering of the American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica from 1977 to 1978, and the Chinese Great-grey Shrike Lanius sphenocercus on January 10, 1978 which had been rarely observed in Kyushu, Japan. In the airport the dominant species were always the Skylark , Alauda arvensis, and the Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus. 2. The Black-eared Kites left the roost in Usu-jima early in the morning, and flew to the feeding area, but some kites remained on and around Usu-jima all day long. The maximum number of kites is highest between September and November, and they decreased markedly in December; they increased again from January to February, but only a few individuals were observed between March and July. These changes in abundance of kites probably reflect their migratory movements. 3. Between September and October many kites moved in a wide area, but less so in other months. Especially in December, all kites lived within a very restricted area. Accordingly, the extension and reduction of the daily movement seem to relate to the feeding area, which changes with fluctuations in kite's abundance. We found another roost in Osaki Peninsula, north to the Nagasaki Airport, and there seemed to be other two roosts. The kites roosting here seemed not to move so far. Since there is abundant food for the kites along the coast, it seems enough for their existence to feed within a narrow area. 4. Fishes were most abundant as food items of the Black-eared Kites and a kind of gobies, Chaeturichthys hexanema, occupied the highest percentage of them, being followed by insects. Especially in October, a number of kites gathered at the airport in order to feed on locusts which inhabited the grassland, so that the ratio of kites with stomachs including insects temporarily increased. Other foods detected were the kite (probably fed after death), skylark and a kind of pill-bugs, Armadillidium vulgare.1.1977年6月から'79年3月まで,長崎空港周辺の鳥相および臼島を塒とするトビの行動と食性について調べた.2.長崎空港周辺で確認された鳥種は26科62種に達したが,特筆すべきこととしてムナグロの越冬(1977年から'78年にかけての冬)とオオカラモズの確認(1978年1月10日)を挙げた.空港内ではヒバリとスズメが常に優占種であつた.3,トビは朝早く臼島の塒から飛び立ちえさ場へ向かうが,同島やその周辺で終日生活する個体も多く確認された.月別に見た1日のうちのトビの最大個体数は9月～11月に多く,12月になると激減し,1,2月には再び増加し,3月以降7月まで少なかつた.その原因としては渡りが考えられた.4.個体数の最も多い9,10月には直線距離にして最大10km程度の飛翔を行なつて広範囲に行動する個体が増加するが,それ以外の月にはそれほど遠くへ出て行く個体は見られず,特に12月にはすべての個体は1～2kmの範囲内で生活していることが知られた.従つて,これら行動範囲の拡張と縮小は個体数の増減に対応したえさ場の確保と関係があると考えられた.車によるライン・センサスの結果,臼島のほかに確実に1ヵ所,また明示はできないが更に2ヵ所の塒があると推察されたが,それらの塒の個体もさほど遠距離まで行動しないと思われた.恐らく,海岸沿いには常に餌が豊富に存在し,ある程度までの個体数は塒の近距離内で許容されるためと考えられた.5.トビの食物としては魚類が最も多く,その中でもアカハゼが主食となつていることが知られた.次いで昆虫類が多く,特に10月には空港の草原に生息するバッタ類を採食しに飛来するトビが増加し,昆虫を採食している個体の割合が一時的に増大した.そのほかの食物としては鳥類のトビとヒバリ,甲殻類のダンゴムシが確認された

Birds on the North Coast of the Sea of Ariake : II. The Relation between Food Habits of Sandpipers and Invertebrates in the Substrate

The analysis of stomach contents was conducted in sandpipers of five species (Calidris alpina, Xenus cinereus, Tringa brevipes, T. glareola, T. hypoleucos) collected on the north coast of the Sea of Ariake. A great number of polychaetes and gastropod molluscs were found in C. alpina, and a lot of polychaetes were also found in X. cinereus. In T. brevipes only fragments of crabs were found. In both T. glareola and T. hypoleucos were found a number of skeletons of frogs. Analysing the relation between the invertebrates and the aggregation of birds, the distribution of T. brevipes closely related with that of Crustacea, especially that of Brachyura. And the distribution of C. tenuirostris closely related with that of small molluscs. In both C. alpina and X. cinereus, however, no relation was found between their distributions and any specific prey. There seemed to be two types of the sandpipers at the time of their migration. The first was relatively stenophagous species, such as T. brevipes and C. tenuirostris, which showed the specific preferences to the prey species. The second was the considerably euryphagous species, such as C. alpina and X. cineveus, which showed fairly wide preferences to their preys

Birds in the Nagasaki Airport and Its Adjacent Areas with Special Reference to the Behavioral Pattern and Food Habits of the Black-eared Kite, Milvus migrans

We examined the avifauna in and around the Nagasaki Airport, and investigated the behavior and food habits of the Black-eared Kite, Milvus migrans, which roosted in Usu-jima Islet near the airport from June, 1977 to March, 1979. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Sixty-two bird species belonging to twenty-six families were observed in and around the airport. In the course of census, we found wintering of the American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica from 1977 to 1978, and the Chinese Great-grey Shrike Lanius sphenocercus on January 10, 1978 which had been rarely observed in Kyushu, Japan. In the airport the dominant species were always the Skylark , Alauda arvensis, and the Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus. 2. The Black-eared Kites left the roost in Usu-jima early in the morning, and flew to the feeding area, but some kites remained on and around Usu-jima all day long. The maximum number of kites is highest between September and November, and they decreased markedly in December; they increased again from January to February, but only a few individuals were observed between March and July. These changes in abundance of kites probably reflect their migratory movements. 3. Between September and October many kites moved in a wide area, but less so in other months. Especially in December, all kites lived within a very restricted area. Accordingly, the extension and reduction of the daily movement seem to relate to the feeding area, which changes with fluctuations in kite\u27s abundance. We found another roost in Osaki Peninsula, north to the Nagasaki Airport, and there seemed to be other two roosts. The kites roosting here seemed not to move so far. Since there is abundant food for the kites along the coast, it seems enough for their existence to feed within a narrow area. 4. Fishes were most abundant as food items of the Black-eared Kites and a kind of gobies, Chaeturichthys hexanema, occupied the highest percentage of them, being followed by insects. Especially in October, a number of kites gathered at the airport in order to feed on locusts which inhabited the grassland, so that the ratio of kites with stomachs including insects temporarily increased. Other foods detected were the kite (probably fed after death), skylark and a kind of pill-bugs, Armadillidium vulgare.1.1977年6月から\u2779年3月まで,長崎空港周辺の鳥相および臼島を塒とするトビの行動と食性について調べた.2.長崎空港周辺で確認された鳥種は26科62種に達したが,特筆すべきこととしてムナグロの越冬(1977年から\u2778年にかけての冬)とオオカラモズの確認(1978年1月10日)を挙げた.空港内ではヒバリとスズメが常に優占種であつた.3,トビは朝早く臼島の塒から飛び立ちえさ場へ向かうが,同島やその周辺で終日生活する個体も多く確認された.月別に見た1日のうちのトビの最大個体数は9月～11月に多く,12月になると激減し,1,2月には再び増加し,3月以降7月まで少なかつた.その原因としては渡りが考えられた.4.個体数の最も多い9,10月には直線距離にして最大10km程度の飛翔を行なつて広範囲に行動する個体が増加するが,それ以外の月にはそれほど遠くへ出て行く個体は見られず,特に12月にはすべての個体は1～2kmの範囲内で生活していることが知られた.従つて,これら行動範囲の拡張と縮小は個体数の増減に対応したえさ場の確保と関係があると考えられた.車によるライン・センサスの結果,臼島のほかに確実に1ヵ所,また明示はできないが更に2ヵ所の塒があると推察されたが,それらの塒の個体もさほど遠距離まで行動しないと思われた.恐らく,海岸沿いには常に餌が豊富に存在し,ある程度までの個体数は塒の近距離内で許容されるためと考えられた.5.トビの食物としては魚類が最も多く,その中でもアカハゼが主食となつていることが知られた.次いで昆虫類が多く,特に10月には空港の草原に生息するバッタ類を採食しに飛来するトビが増加し,昆虫を採食している個体の割合が一時的に増大した.そのほかの食物としては鳥類のトビとヒバリ,甲殻類のダンゴムシが確認された

Birds on the North Coast of the Sea of Ariake : II. The Relation between Food Habits of Sandpipers and Invertebrates in the Substrate

The analysis of stomach contents was conducted in sandpipers of five species (Calidris alpina, Xenus cinereus, Tringa brevipes, T. glareola, T. hypoleucos) collected on the north coast of the Sea of Ariake. A great number of polychaetes and gastropod molluscs were found in C. alpina, and a lot of polychaetes were also found in X. cinereus. In T. brevipes only fragments of crabs were found. In both T. glareola and T. hypoleucos were found a number of skeletons of frogs. Analysing the relation between the invertebrates and the aggregation of birds, the distribution of T. brevipes closely related with that of Crustacea, especially that of Brachyura. And the distribution of C. tenuirostris closely related with that of small molluscs. In both C. alpina and X. cinereus, however, no relation was found between their distributions and any specific prey. There seemed to be two types of the sandpipers at the time of their migration. The first was relatively stenophagous species, such as T. brevipes and C. tenuirostris, which showed the specific preferences to the prey species. The second was the considerably euryphagous species, such as C. alpina and X. cineveus, which showed fairly wide preferences to their preys

Food Habits of the Black-eared Kite, Milvus migrans Zineatus, in Nagasaki Airport and Its Adjacent Areas

Food habits of the black-eared kite Milvus migrans lineatus were analysed based on the stomach contents obtained from 241 kites, which were shot to reduce strike damage to aircraft or hit by aircraft at Nagasaki Airport, Nagasaki Prefecture, during the five-year period from 1977 to 1981. Most of the samples were collected in summer and autumn when the number of the kites was large. The kites fed mainly on fishes and insects in this period : especially in August and September, the former was their main diet. This fact was presumed to be related to the following two factors : 1) a mass death of fishes due to both an outbreak of a red tide and a lack of oxygen dissolved in bottom waters, and 2) abandonment of a quantity of worthless fishes, which thronged into well-conditioned environments owing to deterioration in water quality and consequently became easily captured by fishermen. In October and November the kite chiefly preyed on locusts. During this period, a large number of them inhabited green belts in the airport ; thus the kite seemed to eat preferentially locusts which were easy to catch. It was concluded that the black-eared kite fed on prey animals obtained easily according to habitats and/or seasons

Food Habits of the Black-eared Kite, Milvus migrans Zineatus, in Nagasaki Airport and Its Adjacent Areas

Food habits of the black-eared kite Milvus migrans lineatus were analysed based on the stomach contents obtained from 241 kites, which were shot to reduce strike damage to aircraft or hit by aircraft at Nagasaki Airport, Nagasaki Prefecture, during the five-year period from 1977 to 1981. Most of the samples were collected in summer and autumn when the number of the kites was large. The kites fed mainly on fishes and insects in this period : especially in August and September, the former was their main diet. This fact was presumed to be related to the following two factors : 1) a mass death of fishes due to both an outbreak of a red tide and a lack of oxygen dissolved in bottom waters, and 2) abandonment of a quantity of worthless fishes, which thronged into well-conditioned environments owing to deterioration in water quality and consequently became easily captured by fishermen. In October and November the kite chiefly preyed on locusts. During this period, a large number of them inhabited green belts in the airport ; thus the kite seemed to eat preferentially locusts which were easy to catch. It was concluded that the black-eared kite fed on prey animals obtained easily according to habitats and/or seasons

Fundamental Studies on the Control of the Cattle Tick,Haemaphysalis longicornis,at Kuju Highland (1) : Preliminary Report on the Ecology of the Tick

In and around the Kujo Agricultural Research Center of Kyushu University at kuju Highland, field studies on the distribution and seasonal fluctuation in the number of Haemaphysalis longicornis, and on the fauna of small mammals and their ectoparasites, and also a survey on the avifauna were carried out together with laboratory experiments on the cattle tick. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Ecology of H. longicornis a) All the ticks collected either by dragging a flannel cloth over pasture or directly from grazing cattle were identified as H. longicornis. iin the examination on O pasture in midsummer (middle in July), all stages (larva, nymph and adult) of H. longicormis were involved. On the other hand, in the early autumn (late in September) no adult tick and few unfed nymphs were collected, but unfed larva showed a remarkable increase in its number. b) The unfed adult ticks collected on O pasture in midsummer consisted of 22 males and 17 females, and 13 partly engorged adult ticks got at random from the cattle were females. There was ma marked positive correlation between the total number of deposited eggs and the body weight of female, i.e., the former increased in proportion to the amount of sucked blood. The number of laid eggs per 1mg of the body weight of partly engorged adult females averaged 10.9, and it increased at a high temperature of 29.0℃ on the average. All of the adult females lived a mean of three days after oviposition. c) The duration of the egg stage was markedly shortened with the rise of temperature, and the mean daily accumulative temperature and the mean developmental zero occupied for incubation was 357 day-degrees and 10.7℃, respectively. Although the developmental velocity of tick egg varied according to temperature (22.1℃, 24.9℃ and 28.6℃ on the average), there was little variation in the hatch-rate (81.1～82.9%). d) The body weight of newly hatched larval ticks averaged 0.038mg and the largae became active about one week after hatch. e) The period required for engorgement of the larval ticks averaged six days, during which period the mean body weight of the engorged larvae increased about 12 times (0.450mg) of the seed tick. The molting period was 23 and 10 days at mean temperatures of 25.1℃ and 28.2℃, respectively. 2. Small mammal fauna and the ectoparasites a) From the small mamals (three species of murid rodents and two species of insectivores) captured in July and September, 15 species of ectoparasitic mites and one species of tick were recovered. Nine out of 14 species of the ectoparasites from the murid rodents belonged to Laelaptidae. no H. logicornis was found at all, whereas a single engorged larva of Ixodes ovatus was taken from the ear flap of the Japanese field mouse, Apodemus speciosus. b) In the infestation experiment in the laboratory, it was confirmed that the larval H. longicornis infests not only the guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, but also the japanese field vole, Microtus montebelli, and molts to nymphal stage after engorgement. 3. Avifauna and the ectoparasites All birds (31 species) observed excepet a few species were ground-frequenting birds. As it seems highly possible that many kinds of ticks and mites may infest these birds while they feed mostly on the ground, a detailed investigation on their role and significance as a carrier and/or a host of the ectoparasites is desirable in and around the Center in the near future.九州大学農学部付属高原農業実験実習場(久住高原)地域におけるフタトゲチマダニを主対象とした野外調査と室内実験,小噂乳類相とそれらの寄生ダニ,および鳥相の野外調査を行なった.1. フクトゲチマダニの生態1) 牧野(フランネル法)および牛体上から得られたダニはすべてフタトゲチマダニであった.O牧野における盛夏7月中旬の調査では,牧野から全発育段階(幼･若･成虫) のダニが得られた.一方,初秋9月下旬の調査では成ダニは全く採集されず,また未吸血若ダニも僅か得られたに過ぎないが,未吸血助ダニは著しく増加していた.2) O牧野で7月に採集した未吸血成ダニは雄22匹雌17匹からなっていたが,牛体から任意に採取した吸血成ダニ13匹は雌であった. 吸血雌成ダニの体重と総産卵数とは強い正の相関を示し,吸血畳の多いものほど産卵数は増加した. 吸血雌成ダニ体重1mg当たりの産卵数は平均10.9個で,高温(平均29.0℃)下のもので多い傾向を示した.雌成ダニは産卵後平均3日目に死亡した.3) 卵期は高温下のものはど著しく短縮され,孵化に要する積算温度と発育零点はそれぞれ平均357日度と10.7℃であった.異なる温度下(平均22.1℃,24.9℃,28.6℃)では卵発生に著しい遅速が見られたが,平均卿化率(81.1～82.9%)はほとんど一定していた.4) 耕化直後における幼ダニの平均体重は0.038mgで,約1週間後には活動的になった.5) 幼ダニの吸血期間は平均6日で,吸血幼ダニの体重は孵化時の約12倍(0･450mg)に増加した. その脱皮期間は平均25.1℃ 下で23日,28.2℃下で10日であった.2.小哺乳類相と寄生ダニ類1) 盛夏と初秋の2回にわたって捕獲した小噂乳類(鼠類3種と食虫類2種)から寄生ダニ16種が採取された.鼠類から得られた14種のうち9種がトゲダニ科に属するものであった･しかし,マダニ科のものとしてはヤマトマダニの吸血幼虫が認められただけで,フタトゲチマダニは採取されなかった.2) 寄生実験により,フタトゲチマダニの幼虫は低率ではあるがテンジクネズミとハタネズミに寄生して吸血し,若ダニになることが確認された.3. 鳥相と寄生ダニ類確認された31種の鳥類のうち数種を除けば,他は地上部を餌場とする種類であった.ダニ類は鳥類が主として地上部を利用する時に寄生すると考えられるので,本地域における鳥類へのダニ類の付着あるいは寄生に関する研究が今後必要と考えられた