Malaria species wise Laboratory characteristics of the patients stratified by AKI categories.^a

<p>Abbreviations: WBC, White blood cell; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; RBC, red blood cell; hpf, high power field.</p>a<p>All continuous variables are described as Median [Inter Quartile Range] and categorical variables as n(%).</p>b<p>Parasite index was available in 51, 09 and 00 cases of <i>P. vivax</i> with no AKI, mild AKI and severe AKI respectively; 69, 16 and 19 cases of <i>P. falciparum</i> with no AKI, mild AKI and severe AKI respectively.</p><p>*P values <0.05 are shown in bold.</p

Associations of AKI with complications and supportive requirements.

<p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit.</p>a<p>Reference category was No AKI.</p><p>*Confidence intervals that do not overlap the null value of OR = 1 are shown in bold.</p

Association of AKI with complications by malaria species.

<p>* = P<0.05 across AKI categories.</p

Malaria species wise demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients stratified by AKI categories.^a

a<p>Continuous variables are described as Mean (± Standard Deviation) and categorical variables as n(%).</p>b<p>To convert temperature to °C = [°F–32]*5/9.</p><p>*P values <0.05 are shown in bold.</p

Association of AKI with supportive requirements by malaria species.

<p>* = P<0.05 across AKI categories.</p

Association of AKI, with complications and supportive requirements by malaria species.

<p>Abbreviations: OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PE, pulmonary edema; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit.</p><p>–*Statistics could not be computed.</p>#<p>Confidence intervals that do not overlap the null value of OR = 1 are shown in bold.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients stratified by AKI categories.^a

a<p>Continuous variables are described as Mean (± Standard Deviation) and categorical variables as n(%).</p>b<p>To convert temperature to °C = [°F–32]*5/9.</p><p>*P values <0.05 are shown in bold.</p

Laboratory characteristics of the patients stratified by AKI categories.^a

<p>Abbreviations: WBC, White blood cell; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; RBC, red blood cell; hpf, high power field.</p>a<p>All continuous variables are described as Median [Inter Quartile Range] and categorical variables as n(%).</p>b<p>Parasite index was available in 122, 26 and 22 cases with no AKI, mild AKI and severe AKI respectively.</p>c<p>P value is for Chi square test comparing <i>P.falciparum</i> with <i>P.vivax</i>.</p><p>*P values <0.05 are shown in bold.</p

Univariate and Multivariate Analysis for Laboratory Factors Associated with AKI by Malaria Species.

<p>Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p>a<p>Univariate analysis did not yield significant difference.</p>b<p>Parameters not included in multivariate analysis due to multicollinearity: For <i>P. vivax</i> – total bilirubin with direct bilirubin; For <i>P. falciparum</i> – total bilirubin with direct bilirubin and ESR with hemoglobin.</p><p>* Confidence intervals that do not overlap the null value of OR = 1 are shown in bold.</p

A systematic review of CQ-resistant <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> malaria infections in India

Chloroquine (CQ) is the drug of choice for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) malaria in India. The knowledge about the exact burden of CQ resistance in P. vivax in India is scarce. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to assess the prevalence of CQ resistance in reported P. vivax cases from India. PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, were searched using the search string: ‘Malaria AND vivax AND chloroquine AND (resistance OR resistant) AND India’. We systematically reviewed in-vivo and in-vitro drug efficacy studies that investigated the CQ efficacy of P. vivax malaria between January 1995 and December 2022. Those studies where patients were followed up for at least 28 days after initiation of treatment were included. We identified 12 eligible CQ therapeutic efficacy studies involving 2470 patients, Of these 2329 patients were assessed by in-vivo therapeutic efficacy methods and the remaining 141 were assessed by in-vitro methods. CQ resistance was found in 25/1787 (1.39%) patients from in-vivo and in 11/141 (7.8%) patients from in-vitro drug efficacy studies. Based on the available studies, the prevalence of CQ resistance in P. vivax was found to be relatively lower in India. However, continued surveillance and monitoring are crucial to identify the emergence of CQ resistance.</p