Reversing Autoimmunity Combination of Rituximab and Intravenous Immunoglobulin

In this concept paper, the authors present a unique and novel protocol to treat autoimmune diseases that may have the potential to reverse autoimmunity. It uses a combination of B cell depletion therapy (BDT), specifically rituximab (RTX) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), based on a specifically designed protocol (Ahmed Protocol). Twelve infusions of RTX are given in 6–14 months. Once the CD20+ B cells are depleted from the peripheral blood, IVIg is given monthly until B cells repopulation occurs. Six additional cycles are given to end the protocol. During the stages of B cell depletion, repopulation and after clinical recovery, IVIg is continued. Along with clinical recovery, significant reduction and eventual disappearance of pathogenic autoantibody occurs. Administration of IVIg in the post-clinical period is a crucial part of this protocol. This combination reduces and may eventually significantly eliminates inflammation in the microenvironment and facilitates restoring immune balance. Consequently, the process of autoimmunity and the phenomenon that lead to autoimmune disease are arrested, and a sustained and prolonged disease and drug-free remission is achieved. Data from seven published studies, in which this combination protocol was used, are presented. It is known that BDT does not affect check points. IVIg has functions that mimic checkpoints. Hence, when inflammation is reduced and the microenvironment is favorable, IVIg may restore tolerance. The authors provide relevant information, molecular mechanism of action of BDT, IVIg, autoimmunity, and autoimmune diseases. The focus of the manuscript is providing an explanation, using the current literature, to demonstrate possible pathways, used by the combination of BDT and IVIg in providing sustained, long-term, drug-free remissions of autoimmune diseases, and thus reversing autoimmunity, albeit for the duration of the observation

Correction of bleeding in experimental severe hemophilia A by systemic delivery of factor VIII- encoding mRNA Short title: mRNA-based therapy for hemophilia A Scientific category: Thrombosis and Hemostasis

International audienc

Mycobacteria-responsive sonic hedgehog signaling mediates programmed death-ligand 1 and prostaglandin E<SUB>2</SUB>-induced regulatory T cell expansion

CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are exploited by mycobacteria to subvert the protective host immune responses. The Treg expansion in the periphery requires signaling by professional antigen presenting cells and in particularly dendritic cells (DC). However, precise molecular mechanisms by which mycobacteria instruct Treg expansion via DCs are not established. Here we demonstrate that mycobacteria-responsive sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in human DCs leads to programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-catalyzed prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that orchestrate mycobacterial infection-induced expansion of Tregs. While SHH-responsive transcription factor GLI1 directly arbitrated COX-2 transcription, specific microRNAs, miR-324-5p and miR-338-5p, which target PD-L1 were downregulated by SHH signaling. Further, counter-regulatory roles of SHH and NOTCH1 signaling during mycobacterial-infection of human DCs was also evident. Together, our results establish that Mycobacterium directs a fine-balance of host signaling pathways and molecular regulators in human DCs to expand Tregs that favour immune evasion of the pathogen

Physiological Induction of Regulatory Qa-1-Restricted CD8+ T Cells Triggered by Endogenous CD4+ T Cell Responses

T cell-dependent autoimmune diseases are characterized by the expansion of T cell clones that recognize immunodominant epitopes on the target antigen. As a consequence, for a given autoimmune disorder, pathogenic T cell clones express T cell receptors with a limited number of variable regions that define antigenic specificity. Qa-1, a MHC class I-like molecule, presents peptides from the variable region of TCRs to Qa-1-restricted CD8+ T cells. The induction of Vß-specific CD8+ T cells has been harnessed in an immunotherapeutic strategy known as the “T cell vaccination” (TCV) that comprises the injection of activated and attenuated CD4+ T cell clones so as to induce protective CD8+ T cells. We hypothesized that Qa-1-restricted CD8+ regulatory T cells could also constitute a physiologic regulatory arm of lymphocyte responses upon expansion of endogenous CD4+ T cells, in the absence of deliberate exogenous T cell vaccination. We immunized mice with two types of antigenic challenges in order to sequentially expand antigen-specific endogenous CD4+ T cells with distinct antigenic specificities but characterized by a common Vß chain in their TCR. The first immunization was performed with a non-self antigen while the second challenge was performed with a myelin-derived peptide known to drive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. We show that regulatory Vß-specific Qa-1-restricted CD8+ T cells induced during the first endogenous CD4+ T cell responses are able to control the expansion of subsequently mobilized pathogenic autoreactive CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, apart from the immunotherapeutic TCV, Qa-1-restricted specialized CD8+ regulatory T cells can also be induced during endogenous CD4+ T cell responses. At variance with other regulatory T cell subsets, the action of these Qa-1-restricted T cells seems to be restricted to the immediate re-activation of CD4+ T cells

Etude immunologique des recepteurs beta-adrenergiques

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Recent advances in the administration of vaccines for infectious diseases: microneedles as painless delivery devices for mass vaccination

International audienc

Therapeutic intervention in inflammatory pathologies and cancer (understanding the anti-inflammatory properties of Viscum album)

Les progrès réalisés en immunologie ont orienté les recherches vers des approches et des stratégies de plus en plus prometteuses et innovantes afin de mieux manipuler la réponse immunitaire. Le but de nos recherches est la prévention et le traitement des maladies liées aux dysfonctionnements du système immunitaire, telles que les maladies auto-immunes, inflammatoires et malignes. Bien que l inflammation constitue un processus physiologique indispensable au maintien de l homéostasie suite à une infection ou à une lésion, elle est également associée à des pathologies infectieuses, auto-immunes et tumorales. Les stratégies thérapeutiques les plus utilisées pour traiter l inflammation sont basées sur la neutralisation des médiateurs inflammatoires par des anticorps, des antagonistes moléculaires, des immunoglobulines intraveineuses, des corticostéroïdes, des médicaments anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens. En plus des traitements mentionnés, des produits issus de la phytothérapie ont été largement utilisés afin d atténuer l'inflammation et la douleur dans plusieurs maladies inflammatoires et dans le cancer. Depuis des décennies, les préparations de Viscum album, connu sous le nom de gui européen , sont largement utilisées dans le traitement du cancer comme thérapie auxiliaire. Bien que les mécanismes d action soient partiellement connus, plusieurs hypothèses ont été proposées. En effet, les mécanismes anti-tumoraux du Viscum album impliquent des propriétés induisant une cytotoxicité, l'apoptose, l'inhibition de l'angiogenèse et plusieurs autres mécanismes immunomodulateurs. Ce travail décrit un nouveau mécanisme anti-inflammatoire de Viscum album, qui participe à l effet thérapeutique de ces préparations. De plus, l effet bénéfique anti-inflammatoire observé est associé à l inhibition des voies pro- inflammatoires de COX2 et PGE2 dans les cellules épithéliales issues d adénocarcinome du poumon. Ce travail a identifié un des mécanismes moléculaires de Viscum album associé à son effet anti-inflammatoire participant à ses bénéfices thérapeutiques. Ainsi, ces préparations pourraient être utilisées en combinaison avec d autres traitements dans des maladies inflammatoires et dans le cancer.Recent advances in immunology research have led us towards more promising approaches and strategies to manipulate the immune response to prevent or treat the diseases related to immune dysfunction such as autoimmune, inflammatory pathologies and malignant diseases. Although, immuno inflammation is a basal physiological phenomenon required to eliminate the causative agent and to initiate the healing process, it is a physiopathological symptom in a diverse conditions of infectious, autoimmune and tumoral origin. Various therapeutic strategies have been developed in order to reduce inflammation and pain, including the treatment with cytokine neutralizing antibodies, molecular antagonists, intravenous immunoglobulins, corticosteroids, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and several others. In addition to these well known anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies, treatment with various phytotherapeutics has also contributed enormously to control inflammation and pain, associated with various severe inflammatory disorders and cancer. Viscum album (VA) preparations, commonly known as European mistletoe, are extensively used as complementary therapy in cancer for decades. However the mechanisms of action have been partially understood. Several mutually non-exclusive mechanisms have been proposed such as anti-tumor properties which involve the cytotoxic properties, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and several other immunomodulatory mechanisms. This study reveals anti-inflammatory mechanism as another important mechanism of action of these phytotherapeutics, which is responsible for their therapeutic benefit and addresses the molecular mechanisms in the pro-inflammatory axis of COX-2 and PGE2 using in vitro experimental model of human lung adenocarcinoma. The present work contributes for a better understanding of mechanisms of action of Viscum album preparations underlying their therapeutic benefit and allows us to revitalize the therapeutic strategies used in treatment of inflammatory disorders and cancer.COMPIEGNE-BU (601592101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Immunointervention of immune pathologies and cancer : studies on the use of therapeutic immunoglobulins and viscum album preparations

COMPIEGNE-BU (601592101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Do proteolytic antibodies complete the panoply of the autoimmune response in acquired haemophilia A?

International audienc