Nomogram for the Evaluation of Blackbody Radiancy and of Peak and Total Intensities for Spectral Lines with Doppler Contour

A nomogram has been constructed for the determination of blackbody radiancy and of peak and total intensities for spectral lines with Doppler contour. The basic equations used for the construction of the nomogram and the use of the nomogram are described briefly. A method is outlined for determining absolute values of total intensities for spectral lines with combined Doppler and resonance contour by using the nomogram in conjunction with the “curves of growth.

Some electrical properties of lithium sialons

Sialons are a new range of high strength, refractory materials which can be prepared by hot-pressing mixtures of silicon nitride (Si(_3)N(_4)) and alumina (Al(_2)O(_3)) at temperatures of about 17000C. The resulting ceramics have a general formula Si(_6-z),Al(_z)0(_z)N(_8-z) where z may vary from 3 to 4. Their crystal structure is similar to that of Si(_3)N(_4) but N(^3-) is replaced by O(^2-) and, to effect charge compensation, Si(^4+) is replaced by Al(^3+). Charge compensation can also be achieved by introducing other metal ions such as Li(^+), Na(^+), Mg(^2+)and Y(^3+). This leads to an even greater possible range of ceramics. The present work is concerned with one group of these, the lithium sialons. The small amount of previous work on the electrical properties of lithium sialons was confined to preliminary measurements of d.c. conductivity. Here the electrical behaviour of a range of lithium sialons has been studied and then compared with that of pure sialons and an yttrium sialon glass in order to determine the conductivity, mechanism operating ivithin the lithium sialon samples. The orders of magnitude of conductivity encountered lay.between 10(_7)(ohm, cm)(^-1) and 10(^-3)(ohm cm)(^-1). Techniques have been developed for the measurement of d.c. conductivity (σ(_dc)) from room temperature to 800 C and of a.c. conductivity (σ(_ac)) from 20 Hz to 25 kHz over the same temperature range. The measurements also enabled dielectric constant and losses to be determined at the some temperatures and frequencies. The results showed the presence of two conductivity regimes, one above and one below about 400 . It has also been observed that (σ(_dc)) decreases as a result of passing current through the specimen and a preliminary examination of this apparent solid state electrolysis has been made. All the results are discussed in comparison with the available data on pure sialons and some other nitrogen ceramics

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in the Academic Library: A Methodology for Mapping Multiple Means of Representation in Library Tutorials

Librarians designed a biology tutorial not only to address an assignment, but also to make tutorials more accessible to students with various learning styles. The Science Librarian created the content by using aspects of the Information Literacy Standards for Science and Technology/Engineering, an informal survey of biology faculty, and assignments for the biology labs. The Instructional Design Librarian created multiple modules that engaged users through text, images, audio, and interactive tutorials. The researchers used Universal Design for Learning principles to address multiple learning styles, specifically multiple means of representation and created a mapping technique for those principles that can be applied to any library tutorial. To assess the effectiveness, students with learning disabilities completed a usability test on the tutorial

Reduction of low- and high-grade cervical abnormalities associated with high uptake of the HPV bivalent vaccine in Scotland

In Scotland, a national HPV immunisation programme began in 2008 for 12-13 year olds, with a catch-up campaign from 2008-2011 for those under the age of 18. To monitor the impact of HPV immunisation on cervical disease at the population level, a programme of national surveillance was established.  We analysed colposcopy data from a cohort of women born between 1988-1992 who entered the Scottish Cervical Screening Programme (SCSP) and were aged 20-21 in 2008-2012.  By linking datasets from the SCSP and colposcopy services, we observed a significant reduction in diagnoses of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN 1) (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.87, p=0.0008), CIN 2 (RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4, 0.63, p<0.0001) and CIN 3 (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.58, p< 0.0001) for women who received 3 doses of vaccine compared with unvaccinated women.  To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to show a reduction of low and high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia associated with high uptake of the HPV bivalent vaccine at the population level. These data are very encouraging for countries that have achieved high HPV vaccine uptake

The Learning Tourism Destination: The potential of a learning organisation approach for improving the sustainability of tourism destinations

Globalisation, increasing complexity, and the need to address triple-bottom line sustainability has seen the proliferation of Learning Organisations (LO) who, by definition, have the capacity to anticipate environmental changes and economic opportunities and adapt accordingly. Such organisations use system dynamics modelling (SDM) for both strategic planning and the promotion of organisational learning. Although SDM has been applied in the context of tourism destination management for predictive reasons, the current literature does not analyse or recognise how this could be used as a foundation for an LO. This study introduces the concept of the Learning Tourism Destinations (LTD) and discusses, on the basis of a review of 6 case studies, the potential of SDM as a tool for the implementation and enhancement of collective learning processes. The results reveal that SDM is capable of promoting communication between stakeholders and stimulating organisational learning. It is suggested that the LTD approach be further utilised and explored

Study of a colliding laser-produced plasma by analysis of time and space-resolved image spectra

The interaction of two counter-propagating laser-produced plasmas was studied using simultaneous imaging and spectroscopic techniques. Spectrally-filtered time-gated ICCD imaging was used to obtain information about the spatial dynamics and temporal evolution of the collision process. While, time-resolved imaging spectroscopy was used to determine the spatial and temporal distributions of electron temperature and density within the interaction region. We examine specifically the interaction of plasmas whose parameters match those typically used in pulsed laser deposition of thin films. These low temperature plasmas are highly collisional leading to the creation of a pronounced stagnation layer in the interaction region

The impact of post-abortion care family planning counselling and services in low-income countries: a systematic review of the evidence

Unsafe abortions account for around 70,000 deaths each year, almost all of them in the developing world. Millions of women suffer permanent injury or chronic illness, adding a high cost to both individual families and health systems. Since the mid 1990s, post-abortion care has become a central part of the international strategy to address this problem. Although most attention has been paid to improving emergency treatment of abortion complications, the other elements of post-abortion care, including providing family planning counselling and services, have also been promoted and can be found in many health-care settings around the world. Although greater use of contraception will not produce direct, immediate effects on maternal mortality or morbidity, over time it should reduce women's recourse to unsafe abortion by preventing unplanned pregnancies, thereby putting women at less risk of lifelong injury or death. In 2010, the UK government strengthened its commitment to family planning as a strategy to reduce maternal mortality, marking a significant shift in the UK‟s approach to addressing the most off-track Millennium Development Goal: to improve material health. Addressing the unmet need for post-abortion family planning counselling and services to prevent repeat unplanned pregnancies remains a key part of the new developments in policy. It is therefore both vital and timely to increase understanding of the impacts of such programmes, in order to ensure that they are effective in delivering positive outcomes for women and provide value for money. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesise the relevant research literature, thereby contributing to what is a relatively unexamined field. It addressed the question: What is the impact of post-abortion care family planning counselling and services in low-income countries on maternal mortality or morbidity, repeat induced abortions or unplanned pregnancies, or acceptance or use of contraception