Non-Volatile Complementary Polarizer Spin-Transfer Torque On-Chip Caches: A Device/Circuit/Systems Perspective

10.1109/TMAG.2014.2326858IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS501

Competing Fluid Forces Control Endothelial Sprouting in a 3-D Microfluidic Vessel Bifurcation Model

Sprouting angiogenesis—the infiltration and extension of endothelial cells from pre-existing blood vessels—helps orchestrate vascular growth and remodeling. It is now agreed that fluid forces, such as laminar shear stress due to unidirectional flow in straight vessel segments, are important regulators of angiogenesis. However, regulation of angiogenesis by the different flow dynamics that arise due to vessel branching, such as impinging flow stagnation at the base of a bifurcating vessel, are not well understood. Here we used a recently developed 3-D microfluidic model to investigate the role of the flow conditions that occur due to vessel bifurcations on endothelial sprouting. We observed that bifurcating fluid flow located at the vessel bifurcation point suppresses the formation of angiogenic sprouts. Similarly, laminar shear stress at a magnitude of ~3 dyn/cm2 applied in the branched vessels downstream of the bifurcation point, inhibited the formation of angiogenic sprouts. In contrast, co-application of ~1 µm/s average transvascular flow across the endothelial monolayer with laminar shear stress induced the formation of angiogenic sprouts. These results suggest that transvascular flow imparts a competing effect against bifurcating fluid flow and laminar shear stress in regulating endothelial sprouting. To our knowledge, these findings are the first report on the stabilizing role of bifurcating fluid flow on endothelial sprouting. These results also demonstrate the importance of local flow dynamics due to branched vessel geometry in determining the location of sprouting angiogenesis

Embedding Read-Only Memory in Spin-Transfer Torque MRAM-Based On-Chip Caches

10.1109/TVLSI.2015.2439733IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION (VLSI) SYSTEMS243992-100

SPINTASTIC: Spin-based Stochastic Logic for Energy-efficient Computing

Conference on Design Automation Test in Europe (DATE)2015-April1575-157

Energy-Efficient MRAM Access Scheme Using Hybrid Circuits Based on Spin-Torque Sensors

10.1109/ICSENS.2013.668818212th IEEE Sensors Conference234-23

Spin-Transfer Torque Memories: Devices, Circuits, and Systems

10.1109/JPROC.2016.2521712PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE10471449-148

A Three-State Nanofluidic Field Effect Switch

We report a three-state nanofluidic field effect switch in an asymmetrically gated device with a forward (positive), off (zero), and a reverse (negative) current state for tunable control of ionic transport by systematically controlling the gate potential. The embedded gate electrode allows for modulation of the ionic current through the 16 nm deep channels as a function of electrolyte concentration and gate electrode location for a fixed streamwise potential

Cation Dependent Surface Charge Regulation in Gated Nanofluidic Devices

Surface charge governs nanoscale aqueous electrolyte transport, both in engineered analytical systems and in biological entities such as ion channels and ion pumps as a function of ion type and concentration. Embedded electrodes in a nanofluidic channel, isolated from the fluid in the channel by a dielectric layer, act as active, tunable gates to systematically modify local surface charge density at the interface between the nanochannel surface and the aqueous electrolyte solution, causing significant changes in measured nanochannel conductance. A systematic comparison of transport of monovalent electrolytes [potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl)], 2:1 electrolytes [magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), calcium chloride (CaCl₂)], and electrolyte mixtures (KCl + CaCl₂) through a gated nanofluidic device was performed. Ion–surface interactions between divalent Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions and the nanochannel walls reduced the native surface charge density by up to ∼4–5 times compared to the monovalent cations. In electrolyte mixtures, Ca²⁺ was the dominating cation with nanochannel conductance independent of KCl concentration. Systematic changes in local electrostatic surface state induced by the gate electrode are impacted by the divalent cation–surface interactions, limiting modulation of the local surface potential by the gate electrode and resulting in cation dependent nanoscale ion transport as seen through conductance measurements and numerical models