HCPOR-HIERARCHICAL CENTRALIZED AND POWER OPTIMIZED ROUTING PROTOCOL

WSN is a multi-hop ad hoc network of hundreds or thousands of sensor devices. The sensor nodes collect useful information such as sound, temperature, and light. Moreover, they play a role as the router by communicating through wireless channels under battery-constraints.WSN liable monitoring both civil and military applications. WSN routing protocol refers to selecting paths in the network along which data is transmitted. Routing directs forwarding, the passing of packets from their source node toward their ultimate destination node through intermediary sensor nodes. All protocols must be designed in such a way as to minimize energy consumption and preserve. The designed protocol HCPOR is simulated in OMNET++.OMNeT++ is a public-source, component-based, modular and open-architecture simulation environment with strong GUI support and an embeddable simulation kernel. It provides component architecture for models. Components (modules) are programmed in C++, and then assembled into larger components and models using a high-level language (NED).It runs well on LINUX, most other Unix-like systems, Win32 platforms (NT4.0, Window 2000, XP). HCPOR is compared with already developed routing Protocol Low Energy Adaptive Clustering. Hierarchy-Centralized (LEACH-C) by the help of MATLAB. A comparison between two is done on the basis of energy dissipation with time and the system lifetime of network. System lifetime is basically for how long the system works

MIMO-OFDM AND IDMA SCHEME IN UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION

Under water acoustic communication has been growing rapidly from last few decades due to its application i.e. in oceanography, marine research and defense. There is big need of underwater communication technique to explore oceans but it is not as simple as in air. It is quite different from air communication. Electromagnetic waves, optical fiber or coaxial wire cannot be used in underwater because of its limitation. However it is still challenging to communicate in underwater because of the different parameters of channels such as fading, bandwidth limitations, multi-paths or refractive properties of sound channel. That’s why there is only one reason to use acoustics waves but the bandwidth of its signal is very low. Due to low speed of acoustic waves, fading problem occurs. We require high spectral efficiency for superior communication i.e. data rate is high and fading is low. For minimizing this problem we have been used MIMO-OFDM scheme with IDMA. MIMO is the technique in which we use multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver side. We use same channel for sending and receiving more than one data signal. Thus by using this technique the data rate is increased and OFDM save the bandwidth and avoids fading

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OBJECT RECOGNITION SYSTEM USING SIFT,SURF AND FAST ALGORITHMS

Object recognition has always been an area of interest for various researchers since decades. In this paper an attempt has been made to give a comparison between various techniques of object recognition mainly feature based approaches. In this paper an overview of the Famous and impressive technique by David Lowe, which is Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) has been given. Another very important technique called Speeded-Up Robust Feature Transform (SURF) has been used to conclude with certain interesting results. FAST is the third technique which has also been discussed in this paper.  SIFT, SURF and FAST algorithms has been implemented on COIL dataset and a comparative analysis of these techniques has been given. The algorithms has been evaluated on two parameters i.e., number of features extracted and the time of execution. It has been seen that SIFT has detected more number of features as compared to SIFT and FAST. But the times of execution taken by SURF is comparatively less than SIFT and SURF

Reviewing the Crop Residual Burning and Aerosol Variations during the COVID-19 Pandemic Hit Year 2020 over North India

The north Indian states of Haryana and Punjab are believed to be the key sources of air pollution in the National Capital Region due to massive agricultural waste burning in crop harvesting seasons. However, with the pandemic COVID-19 hitting the country, the usual practices were disrupted. COVID-19 preventive lockdown led to restricted vehicular and industrial emissions and caused the labours to leave the agricultural business in Haryana and Punjab. With the changed scenario of 2020, the present study investigates the variations in air quality over the Haryana and Punjab, and their relative impact on the air quality of Delhi. The work attempts to understand the change in agricultural waste burning during 2020 and its implication on the local air quality over both the states and the transported pollution on the national capital Delhi. The study utilises in-situ data for the year 2019–2020 with satellite observations of MODIS aqua/terra for fire counts, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and back-trajectories run by the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model (HYSPLIT)