12 research outputs found
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Role of polymorphisms in codons 143 and 160 of the O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase gene in lung cancer risk
O6-Alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) plays an important role in the repair of alkylating agent-induced DNA damage and protection from the carcinogenic effects of environmental agents. To examine the importance of the AGT codon 143 and codon 160 polymorphisms in risk for lung cancer and to assess the prevalence of these polymorphisms in different racial groups, we performed genotype analysis of lung cancer patients and matched controls. The prevalence of the AGT143Val allele in controls was 0.07 in Caucasians and 0.03 in African Americans. The AGT143Val allele was not detected in an unmatched Asian control cohort. The prevalence of the AGT160Arg variant allele was 0.01 in Caucasians, 0.02 in African Americans, and 0.03 in Asians. A marginally significant association was observed between the AGT codon 143 (isoleucine/valine) genotype and risk for lung cancer (odds ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval = 1.01– 4.7). The prevalence of the AGT160Arg variant allele was similar in lung cancer cases versus matched controls. These results suggest that the AGT codon 143 polymorphism may play an important role in risk for lung cancer
Yield-Enhancing Heterotic QTL Transferred from Wild Species to Cultivated Rice <i>Oryza sativa</i> L
<div><p>Utilization of “hidden genes” from wild species has emerged as a novel option for enrichment of genetic diversity for productivity traits. In rice we have generated more than 2000 lines having introgression from ‘A’ genome-donor wild species of rice in the genetic background of popular varieties PR114 and Pusa44 were developed. Out of these, based on agronomic acceptability, 318 lines were used for developing rice hybrids to assess the effect of introgressions in heterozygous state. These introgression lines and their recurrent parents, possessing fertility restoration ability for wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm, were crossed with cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line PMS17A to develop hybrids. Hybrids developed from recurrent parents were used as checks to compare the performance of 318 hybrids developed by hybridizing alien introgression lines with PMS17A. Seventeen hybrids expressed a significant increase in yield and its component traits over check hybrids. These 17 hybrids were re-evaluated in large-size replicated plots. Of these, four hybrids, viz., ILH299, ILH326, ILH867 and ILH901, having introgressions from <i>O. rufipogon</i> and two hybrids (ILH921 and ILH951) having introgressions from <i>O. nivara</i> showed significant heterosis over parental introgression line, recurrent parents and check hybrids for grain yield-related traits. Alien introgressions were detected in the lines taken as male parents for developing six superior hybrids, using a set of 100 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Percent introgression showed a range of 2.24 from in <i>O. nivara</i> to 7.66 from <i>O. rufipogon</i>. The introgressed regions and their putative association with yield components in hybrids is reported and discussed.</p></div
Performance of 17 introgression lines for important yield contributing traits.
<p><sup>a</sup> Significantly higher and <sup>c</sup> lower than the recurrent parent Pusa 44 or PR114 at <i>P</i>≤0.01.</p><p><sup>b</sup> Significantly higher and <sup>d</sup> lower than the recurrent parent Pusa 44 or PR114 at <i>P</i>≤0.05.</p
Graphical genotypes of six alien introgression lines generated after analyzing these with polymorphic SSR markers.
<p>Regions in blue are homozygous alien segments and gray are heterozygous alien segments introgressed from <i>O. rufipogon</i> in IL299, IL326, IL867 and IL901 and <i>O. nivara</i> in IL901 and IL951. Numbers on the right of linkage group are the cM distances as per Temnykh et al <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096939#pone.0096939-Temnykh1" target="_blank">[32]</a>. Numbers at the bottom are the chromosomes. Details of the ILHs in parentheses are presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096939#pone-0096939-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p
Mean values of the ILHs for important agronomic traits and extent of heterosis (%) over parents check hybrids and recurrent parents in 17 hybrids.
<p>*, **significant at <i>P≤0.05</i> and <i>P≤0.01</i>, respectively.</p><p>CH1 = PMS17A/Pusa44; CH2 = PMS17A/PR114;</p><p>∧ILH developed from Pusa44 derived IL.</p>∼<p>ILH developed from PR114 derived IL;</p>a<p>details of the hybrids are presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096939#pone-0096939-t001" target="_blank">table 1</a>.</p
Mean grain yield and standard heterosis of 17 ILHs evaluated in the year 2008.
<p>*, **significant at P≤0.05 and P≤0.01, respectively. IRGC and CR refer to International Rice Germplasm Centre and CRRI Cuttack, accession numbers, respectively.</p
Field photograph of IL921 (left), ILH921 (middle) and on right hand side showing panicle characteristics.
<p>Field photograph of IL921 (left), ILH921 (middle) and on right hand side showing panicle characteristics.</p
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Lung Cancer Risk in White and Black Americans
PURPOSE: To test whether differences in smoking-related lung cancer risks in blacks and whites can explain why lung cancer incidence is greater in black males than in white males but about equal in black and white females, given that a greater proportion of blacks are smokers, but smoke far fewer cigarettes per day than do whites.
METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted between 1984 and 1998 that included interviews with 1,710 white male and 1,321 white female cases of histologically confirmed lung cancer, 254 black male and 163 black female cases, and 8,151 controls. Relative risks were estimated via odds ratios using logistic regression, adjusted for age, education, and body mass index.
RESULTS. We confirmed prior reports that smoking prevalence is higher but overall dosage is lower among blacks. Overall ORs were similar for blacks and whites, except among the heaviest smoking males (21+ cigarettes per day or 37.5 pack–years), in whom ORs for blacks were considerably greater than for whites. Long-term benefits of cessation were similar for white and black ex-smokers. Smokers of menthol flavored cigarettes were at no greater risk for lung cancer than were smokers of unflavored brands.
CONCLUSIONS. Lung cancer risks were similar for whites and blacks with similar smoking habits, except possibly for blacks who were very heavy smokers; this sub-group is unusual in the general population of African American smokers. Explanations of racial disparities in lung cancer risk may need to account for modifying factors including type of cigarette (yield, mentholation), diet, occupation, and host factors such as ability to metabolize mainstream smoke carcinogens