Partial Address Field Architectures For Energy Efficient Caches in Embedded Systems - A Review

Most of the embedded processors utilize cache memory in order to minimize the performance gap between memory systems and processor. In embedded systems caches are normally implemented along with processors in one IC. The power consumed by the cache system constitutes the major fraction of the power dissipated by the embedded processors. With increasing computational demands on embedded processors, set-associative caches are being used. In larger caches the major portion of power consumption occurs in address decoding including tag comparisons. Set-associative caches consume larger energy as compared to the direct mapped caches as i) set-associative caches have greater tag bits, ii) they have parallel organization of tag arrays, and hence parallel tag comparison dissipates more energy. It is further analyzed that not all the tag bits are necessary for a cache configuration to achieve a normal performance in terms of hit rate. Hence, architecture with reduced but optimum number of tag bits is possible, which would consume lesser energy. Currently lot of research is going on to find newer architectures for Cache designs so as to give better energy savings. In this paper it has been shown that there are various considerations while designing the cache architecture and a review work done is shown on existing power reduction and performance enhancement schemes in cache architecture design

A study of preinduction transvaginal ultrasonographic cervical length and its comparison with bishop score in predicting successful labour

Background: Significant number of induced pregnancies land in caesarean delivery. Cervical assessment is integral to successful outcome of induction of labour. Objective of this study was to study preinduction transvaginal ultrasonographic cervical length and to compare it with Bishop Score in predicting successful labour.Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala on 150 patients. A total of 150 women were studied from January 2015 to June 2016 after taking an informed consent. The sociodemographic particulars were recorded, detailed history was taken and examination performed. Transvaginal ultrasound was done to assess cervical length after evacuation of bladder. Bishop score was then determined by separate observer. The occurrence of vaginal delivery was considered as primary outcome. All statistics collected were entered in statistical software SPSS-15. ROC curves were constructed for both Bishop Score and TVS.Results: The mean gestational age was 38 week 6 days, majority 134 (89.3%) being less than 40 weeks of gestation. The ROC curve for Bishop Score demonstrated better predictability compared to cervical length by TVS. Optimized cut off for Bishop score in addition to TVS was determined by ROC curve to predict successful vaginal delivery, it was ≥ 6 for Bishop score (sensitivity 90.7%, specificity 68.6%, positive predictive value 91.5% and negative predictive value 66.7%) and ≤ 3.0 cm for cervical length on TVS (sensitivity 74.6%, specificity 51.6%, positive predictive value 74.5% and negative predictive value 51.6%). The relation of both cervical length and Bishop score with successful vaginal delivery was found to be statistically significant with p value of 0.0001.Conclusions: The present study indicates that Bishop Score is a better predictor for successful vaginal delivery as compared to cervical length by transvaginal ultrasonography

Study of efficacy and adverse effect of fluticasone and formoterol combination in bronchial asthma

Background: Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with airway hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning.Methods: This study has recruited 25 newly (male/female) cases of Bronchial Asthma diagnosed on the basis of spirometry in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital (ELMC&H). Patients were received Fluticasone/Formoterol (200/10 μg OD). The drugs were administered through metered-dose inhaler (MDI).Results: The mean forced expiratory volume recorded before treatment 54.92±4.47 in a group who were treated with formoterol/fluticasone combination changed to 75.48±5.03 after the treatment. No significant adverse effect of this regimens was observed.Conclusions: The results of this study revealed this regimen showed a significant improvement in lung functions without any significant adverse event

Sociodemographic and reproductive risk factors in cervical cancer

Background: Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. In India, cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women followed by breast cancer. A numbers of risk factors reproductive as well as sociodemographic have been widely studied for cervical cancer. The countries where universal screening is restricted because of various reasons economical, lack of resources etcetera, a modified screening procedure which is targeted on the high risk population can help solve the problem.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary institute on sexually active women attending the gynaec OPD. A total of 200 women eligible for the study underwent a cytological evaluation and those with positive findings on Pap smear were followed by colposcopy directed biopsy. A detailed proforma including risk factors was filled for each patient and at the end of study data collected was tabulated in a master chart and was analyzed statistically.Results: A total of 200 women underwent screening with Pap smear in present study. The Pap smear was normal in 93 (46.5%) of cases, 77 (38.5%) showed inflammatory smear and 3 (1.5%) subjects had an unsatisfactory smear. The Pap smear was abnormal in 27 (23.5%) of cases constituting 17 (8.5%) cases of LSIL, 2 (1%) of HSIL and 8 (4%) cases of AGS. All the women with LSIL and HSIL were subjected to colposcopy directed biopsy. Amongst 17 cases of LSIL on pap 8 came out as LSIL, 2 were HSIL and rest 7 were inflammatory after histopathological analysis. The 2 cases of HSIL on pap were confirmed as carcinoma in situ after biopsy. The maximum incidence of SIL of 16.66% was observed in age group of more than 40 years. The majority of cases of SIL, 12 (63.2%) had coitus before the age of 18 years. A positive correlation of SIL was seen with decreasing socioeconomic status, 8 (42.1%) of cases of SIL belonged to the low socioeconomic status while this group constituted only 23% of the total subjects.Conclusions: The frequency of malignant and premalignant lesions was found to be significant, further emphasizing the importance of screening of cervical cancer. The prevalence of carcinoma cervix increases with age, in those with young age at first coitus, lower socioeconomic status and with low education level. A modified screening method can be an effective strategy to control cervical cancer in a developing country like India, where cost and manpower is an issue

Poly-Khronos Greece versus Clock-time Britain? Frameworks to examine culture's management of time in global schools of thought.

The focus of this thesis is to address the impact of personality (i.e., achievement strivings, impatience/ irritability), culture (British and Greek) and coping strategies- polychronicity and Type A behaviours upon measures of performance (i.e., speed and accuracy). Key findings include the culturally differentiated role of achievement strivings and impatience/ irritability upon speed (as well as Type A behavioural orientations towards work). For example, increased levels of impatience/ irritability across Greek respondents significantly correlated with faster reaction times (speed). This relationship failed to manifest across British respondents. A specific research gap identified concerns the need for a more clarified way to conceptualise multi-dimensional 'coping strategy' constructs, i.e., polychronicity and Type A Behaviour. A framework is proposed to more accurately conceptualise the intricate interplay involving multidimensional constructs of personal and cultural expression, i.e., polychronicity and Type A behaviour patterns by introducing 'EMAC': The 'Emotion-Mind-Action Complex'. Expressions of culture and personality are analysed in terms of emotion, mind and action, and which provide unique sources of variance. The complex of emotion, mind and action is interrelated and exists as a unit within an individual entity. It is argued that congruence across these three dimensions enables proficient activity-to-time management (see glossary for a definition of 'expression' and for its relations with emotion, mind and action). The EMAC framework as inspired by Bandura's (1977a,b, 1982) social cognitive learning theory is easy to use and aids in differentiating across complex constructs pertaining to multidimensional 'coping strategies'. Taylor, Locke, Lee & Gist (1984) found that the performance of multiple projects simultaneously is a characteristic feature of the Type A behaviour pattern. This is also a feature of polychronic cultures (Hall, 1989). However, though these two constructs (polychronicity and Type A) are similarly related in terms of multi-tasking behaviour, they are open to differ in terms of contributory cognitive and/ or emotional sources. Behaviours may also manifest fi-om repefitive syndromes of conditioned response, i.e., a 'habit' or a 're-action' (Dispenza, 2006). People culturally polychronic are event-oriented and prefer to perform many activities at once, whereas for 'Type As' the performance of many activities at once may be better interpreted as a response to role overload. Findings convey a more informed understanding of coping strategies that are made up of 'emotion', 'mind', and 'action'. Hence, by accounting for the triad, dialectical approach, this thesis also offers a new way of thinking to innovate upon the research efforts currently deployed, i.e., those more diametric and bi-dimensional. This thesis also addresses the misconceptions relating to the 'Type A Behaviour Pattern', which conceptualise the overt behaviour pattern as a personality trait (see glossary for definitional clarity of key conceptualisations). A key contribution to research is a new complex of interaction concerning traits of personality (i.e., achievement strivings; impatience/ irritability) alongside behaviour patterns (i.e.. Type A behavioural orientations towards work), in a way unlike any other research effort to date. To build upon theory due to the tentative testing of newly proposed elations, research contributions are enabled via administrations of performance and survey testing. As the majority of relations investigated are yet to be addressed by international research efforts certain statistical analysis techniques confirmatory in theoretical design, i.e., LISREL (Linear Structural Equations), EQS and AMOS Analysis of Moment Structures), though commonplace in the international marketing research arena, are inappropriate (Byrne, 2001). Without a defensible theory, LISREL (AMOS) is insupportable, and multivariate analyses constitute the main node of data analysis. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

Septate uterus with cervical duplication and a longitudinal vaginal septum: an unclassified mullerian anomaly

Uterine anomalies are the result of disturbances in the development, formation or fusion of the mullerian ducts during foetal life with an incidence of 0.001%-10% in general population. These patients most often present with amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia and infertility. Women with these anomalies are more prone to poor foetal outcomes such as first trimester losses or preterm labour. We report a case of a 35 years old female with septate uterus with cervical duplication and a longitudinal vaginal septum. Diagnosis was obtained by physical examination, ultrasound imaging, hysterosalphingography and magnetic resonance imaging and hysterolaproscopy. The clinical presentation of such a case & surgical options available were studied, and the excision of the vaginal septum was done. This case of congenital uterine anomaly does not fit into the current classification system of mullerian anomalies by American fertility society, which is based on the traditional caudal to cranial, unidirectional developmental pattern. This strongly indicates the possibility of an alternative mechanism of mullerian development

Histopathological spectrum of endometrium in abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) interferes with the quality of life of an otherwise healthy woman. Until the pathology underlying menorrhagia is, accurately diagnosed, proper therapy is hardly possible. The objective of the study was to analyze different histopathological patterns of endometrium in AUB and observe the incidence of various pathologies in different age groups and their relation to parity.Methods: This two-year prospective studywas done in the department of pathology in atertiary care centre, which included 250 cases of clinically diagnosed AUB patients were evaluated. Histopathological examination of endometrial biopsies and hysterectomy specimens were done, followed by clinical correlation.Results: Out of 250 cases of AUB, Premenopausal bleeding was seen in 216 cases (86.4%) and 34 cases (13.6%) had postmenopausal bleeding. The commonest finding observed in the study was proliferative phase endometrium (37.2%), followed by secretory endometrium (34%) and endometrial hyperplasia (16%). Disordered proliferative endometrium was seen in 2.4% of patients. Endometrial carcinoma was seen in 4 (1.6%) cases. Endometrial hyperplasia was seen mostly in the age group 41-50 years (27 cases). Two cases of endometrial carcinomas were presented after age 60 years.Conclusions: Our study revealed the highest incidence of AUB in the perimenopausal age group (41-50 years). Hence a thorough histopathological workup and clinical correlation are mandatory in cases of abnormal uterine bleeding

Wear and Click - Glove Mouse

There are many ways for Human computer interaction. Out of these standard PC mouse has been in use for over 40 years. There are many limitations with the standard mouse. In this paper, a different method of interaction is proposed. For this Glove Mouse is designed for controlling the mouse movements on computer. The device is used for basic interface tasks like clicking, enabling and disabling. With the new device, the user can move the mouse cursor around the computer screen by just moving his hand. User can also perform clicks with this new device. The glove mouse senses the user actions via two types of sensors: accelerometers and finger contact pads. For processing and transmitting the signals, it uses microcontroller and RF module. This Novel approach enhances the user experience of interaction with computer even from very large distance. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150515

Curvelet Denoising with Improved Thresholds for Application on Ultrasound Images

In medical image processing, image denoising has become a very essential exercise all through the diagnose. Negotiation between the preservation of useful diagnostic information and noise suppression must be treasured in medical images. In case of ultrasonic images a special type of acoustic noise, technically known as speckle noise, is the major factor of image quality degradation. Many denoising techniques have been proposed for effective suppression of speckle noise. Removing noise from the original image or signal is still a challenging problem for researchers. In this paper, a Curvelet transform based denoising with improved thresholds is proposed for ultrasound images