19 research outputs found
Highly Permeable Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Ionomers for Improved Electrochemical Devices: Insights into Structure-Property Relationships.
Rapid improvements in polymer-electrolyte fuel-cell (PEFC) performance have been driven by the development of commercially available ion-conducting polymers (ionomers) that are employed as membranes and catalyst binders in membrane-electrode assemblies. Commercially available ionomers are based on a perfluorinated chemistry comprised of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix that imparts low gas permeability and high mechanical strength but introduces significant mass-transport losses in the electrodes. These transport losses currently limit PEFC performance, especially for low Pt loadings. In this study, we present a novel ionomer incorporating a glassy amorphous matrix based on a perfluoro(2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) (PFMMD) backbone. The novel backbone chemistry induces structural changes in the ionomer, restricting ionomer domain swelling under hydration while disrupting matrix crystallinity. These structural changes slightly reduce proton conductivity while significantly improving gas permeability. The performance implications of this trade-off are assessed, which reveal the potential for substantial performance improvement by incorporation of highly permeable ionomers as the functional catalyst binder. These results underscore the significance of tailoring material chemistry to specific device requirements, where ionomer chemistry should be rationally designed to match the local transport requirements of the device architecture
Self-Propelled Carbohydrate-Sensitive Microtransporters with Built-In Boronic Acid Recognition for Isolating Sugars and Cells
A new nanomotor-based target isolation strategy, based on a “built-in” recognition capability, is presented. The concept relies on a poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) (PAPBA)/Ni/Pt microtube engine coupling the selective monosaccharide recognition of the boronic acid-based outer polymeric layer with the catalytic function of the inner platinum layer. The PAPBA-based microrocket is prepared by membrane-templated electropolymerization of 3-aminophenylboronic acid monomer. The resulting boronic acid-based microengine itself provides the target recognition without the need for additional external functionalization. “On-the-fly” binding and transport of yeast cells (containing sugar residues on their wall) and glucose are illustrated. The use of the recognition polymeric layer does not hinder the efficient propulsion of the microengine in aqueous and physiological media. Release of the captured yeast cells is triggered via a competitive sugar binding involving addition of fructose. No such capture and transport are observed in control experiments involving other cells or microengines. Selective isolation of monosaccharides is illustrated using polystyrene particles loaded with different sugars. Such self-propelled nanomachines with a built-in recognition capability hold considerable promise for diverse applications
Elucidating Structure-Property Relationships in Highly Permeable Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Ionomers
Impacts of Organic Sorbates on Ionic Conductivity and Nanostructure of Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers
This study provides insights into
structure-property relationships of Nafion membranes swollen with organic
sorbates, revealing correlations between sorbate polarity, ionomer domain
structure, and ionic conductivity. Swelling, nanostructure, and ionic
conductivity of Nafion in the presence of short-chain alcohols and alkanes was
studied by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and voltammetry. Nafion
equilibrated with alkanes exhibited negligible uptake and nanoswelling, while
alcohols induced nanoscopic- to macroscopic- swelling ratios that increased
with alcohol polarity. In mixed-sorbate environments including organics and
water, alcohols preserved the overall ionomer domain structure but altered the
matrix to enable higher sorbate uptake. Alkanes did not demonstrably alter the
hydrated nanostructure or conductivity. Identifying the impacts of organic
sorbates on structure-property relationships in ionomers such as Nafion is
imperative as membrane-based electrochemical devices find applications in
emerging areas ranging from organic fuel cells to the synthesis of fuels and
chemicals.</p
Dynamic Emergence of Nanostructure and Transport Properties in Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Ionomers
Limitations in fuel cell electrode
performance have motivated the development of ion-conducting binders (ionomers)
with high gas permeability. Such ionomers have been achieved by
copolymerization of perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) monomers with bulky and
asymmetric monomers, leading to a glassy ionomer matrix with chemical and
mechanical properties that differ substantially from common PFSA ionomers
(e.g., Nafion™). In this study, we use perfluorodioxolane-based ionomers to provide
fundamental insights into the role of the matrix chemical structure on the
dynamics of structural and transport processes in ion-conducting polymers. Through
in-situ water uptake measurements, we
demonstrate that ionomer water sorption kinetics depend strongly on the properties
and mass fraction of the matrix. As the PFSA mass fraction was increased from
0.26 to 0.57, the Fickian swelling rate constant decreased from 0.8 s-1
to 0.2 s-1, while the relaxation rate constant increased from 3.1Ă—10-3
s-1 to 4.0Ă—10-3. The true swelling rate, in nm s-1,
was determined by the chemical nature of the matrix; all dioxolane-containing
materials exhibited swelling rates ~1.5 - 2 nm s-1 compared to ~3 nm
s-1 for Nafion. Likewise, Nafion underwent relaxation at twice the
rate of the fastest-relaxing dioxolane ionomer. Reduced swelling and relaxation
kinetics are due to limited matrix segmental mobility of the dioxolane-containing
ionomers. We demonstrate that changes in conductivity are strongly tied to the
polymer relaxation, revealing the decoupled roles of initial swelling and
relaxation on hydration, nanostructure, and ion transport in perfluorinated
ionomers. </p
Quantum confinement in few layer SnS nanosheets
Orthorhombic tin monosulfide (SnS) consists of layers of covalently bound Sn and S atoms held together by weak van der Waals forces and is a stable two-dimensional material with potentially useful properties in emerging applications such as valleytronics. Large-scale sustainable synthesis of few-layer (e.g., 1-10 layers) SnS is a challenge, which also slows progress in understanding their properties as a function of number of layers. Herein we describe solvothermal synthesis of SnS in water or ethylene glycol. The latter yields a flower-like morphology where the petals are SnS nanoplates and sonication and separation of these flowers via differential centrifugation yields 1-10 layer SnS nanoplates. The direct optical absorption edges of these SnS nanoplates blue-shift due to quantum confinement from 1.33 eV to 1.88 eV as the thickness (number of layers) is decreased from ~ 5 nm (10 layers) to ~ 2 nm (4 layers)
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Highly Permeable Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Ionomers for Improved Electrochemical Devices: Insights into Structure-Property Relationships
Rapid improvements in polymer-electrolyte fuel-cell (PEFC) performance have been driven by the development of commercially available ion-conducting polymers (ionomers) that are employed as membranes and catalyst binders in membrane-electrode assemblies. Commercially available ionomers are based on a perfluorinated chemistry comprised of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix that imparts low gas permeability and high mechanical strength but introduces significant mass-transport losses in the electrodes. These transport losses currently limit PEFC performance, especially for low Pt loadings. In this study, we present a novel ionomer incorporating a glassy amorphous matrix based on a perfluoro(2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) (PFMMD) backbone. The novel backbone chemistry induces structural changes in the ionomer, restricting ionomer domain swelling under hydration while disrupting matrix crystallinity. These structural changes slightly reduce proton conductivity while significantly improving gas permeability. The performance implications of this tradeoff are assessed, which reveal the potential for substantial performance improvement by incorporation of highly permeable ionomers as the functional catalyst binder. These results underscore the significance of tailoring material chemistry to specific device requirements, where ionomer chemistry should be rationally designed to match the local transport requirements of the device architecture
Highly Permeable Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Ionomers for Improved Electrochemical Devices: Insights into Structure-Property Relationships
Rapid
improvements in polymer-electrolyte fuel-cell (PEFC) performance have been
driven by the development of commercially available ion-conducting polymers
(ionomers) that are employed as membranes and catalyst binders in membrane-electrode
assemblies. Commercially available ionomers are based on a perfluorinated
chemistry comprised of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix that imparts low
gas permeability and high mechanical strength but introduces significant
mass-transport losses in the electrodes. These transport losses currently limit
PEFC performance, especially for low Pt loadings. In this study, we present a
novel ionomer incorporating a glassy amorphous matrix based on a
perfluoro(2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) (PFMMD) backbone. The novel
backbone chemistry induces structural changes in the ionomer, restricting
ionomer domain swelling under hydration while disrupting matrix crystallinity.
These structural changes slightly reduce proton conductivity while
significantly improving gas permeability. The performance implications of this
tradeoff are assessed, which reveal the potential for substantial performance
improvement by incorporation of highly permeable ionomers as the functional catalyst
binder. These results underscore the significance of tailoring material chemistry
to specific device requirements, where ionomer chemistry should be rationally
designed to match the local transport requirements of the device architecture.</p
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Elucidating Structure-Property Relationships in Highly Permeable Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Ionomers
Commercially available perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers (PFSAs), utilized as polymer electrolytes in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), have driven rapid improvements in fuel cell performance. These materials have a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) backbone and semicrystalline matrix which imparts mechanical integrity and low gas permeability, making them attractive membrane materials. However, their low gas permeability introduces significant mass-transport limitations in catalyst layers, especially severe in oxygen reduction at the cathode. In this study, we present the synthesis of an amorphous PFSA incorporating perfluoro(2-methylene 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) (PFMMD) in the backbone. This impacted the material nanostructure at multiple length scales, simultaneously increasing gas permeability (>3x oxygen permeability of Nafion) via reduced crystallinity and increased fractional free volume while reducing proton conductivity via changes in matrix mechanical properties which inhibited phase separation of ionomer domains. When integrated in a fuel cell MEA, this trade-off yielded significant improvements; specifically, current density per cm2 platinum increased up to 22% upon substituting the PFMMD based ionomer for Nafion in the cathode binder. In this presentation, I will discuss the facile synthesis of PFMMD based ionomers with tunable PFSA content. Furthermore, I will discuss structure-property relationships resolved from transport measurements and morphological characterization. Finally, I will discuss the implementation of these materials in fuel cells and the potential for meaningful performance improvements. These results demonstrate the value of rational ionomer design toward better performing electrochemical devices