ガッコウ ニオケル イジメ ヨボウ オ モクテキ トシタ ユニバーサル ヨボウ キョウイク : キョウイク モクヒョウ ノ コウセイ ト ソノ エビデンス

Bullying is one of the most pervasive and severe problems in schools. Although there are numerous programs and diverse educational methods designed to reduce or prevent bullying, recent research indicates that programs directing at specific bullying?related components and targeting bullies or victims, are less likely to be effective and to have continual impacts（e.g., Vreeman & Carroll, 2007）. Yamasaki and Uchida （2010）suggested the importance of the science of preventive education, and then Yamasaki, Sasaki, Uchida, Katsuma, and Matsumoto（in press introduced the more comprehensive and universal prevention education named “TOP SELF”（Trial Of Prevention School Education for Life and Friendship）that has been developed under the science of preventive education. TOP SELF consists of the comprehensive base education and the partial optional education. This paper focuses on the bullying prevention program which is belonged to the partial optional education and aims at describing its structure of hierarchical purposes. First, we addressed psychological factors associated with bullying, and then showed the scientific evidence and/or theories of the hierarchical purposes. Finally, the limitation and future extension of our bullying prevention program in TOP SELF are discussed

Establishment of Rat Embryonic Stem Cells and Making of Chimera Rats

The rat is a reference animal model for physiological studies and for the analysis of multigenic human diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, neurological disorders, and cancer. The rats have long been used in extensive chemical carcinogenesis studies. Thus, the rat embryonic stem (rES) cell is an important resource for the study of disease models. Attempts to derive ES cells from various mammals, including the rat, have not succeeded. Here we have established two independent rES cells from Wister rat blastocysts that have undifferentiated characters such as Nanog and Oct3/4 genes expression and they have stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA) -1, -3, -4, and TRA-1-81 expression. The cells were successfully cultured in an undifferentiated state and can be possible over 18 passages with maintaining more than 40% of normal karyotype. Their pluripotent potential was confirmed by the differentiation into derivatives of the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most importantly, the rES cells are capable of producing chimera rats. Therefore, we established pluripotent rES cell lines that are widely used to produce genetically modified experimental rats for study of human diseases