ANALYTICAL SCIENCES 2001, VOL.17 SUPPLEMENT i1295 Direct Determination of Tin in Human Hair by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using Air Ashing in Graphite Tube

Direct determination of tin in human hair was performed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Human hair was cut into 3-5 mm long and 1-2 mg of the sample was directly introduced into a pyrolytically coated graphite tube, of which the injection hole was enlarged to a diameter of approximately 5 mm. After introduction of the sample, 20 µl of 30 mg Pd/l in 1 mol/l HCl was added as a matrix modifier onto the hair sample. At the ashing stage of the furnace temperature program, air was passed through in the graphite tube at 600 ℃ for 1 min. By using the air ashing, the appearance times and shapes of the atomization signal of tin in the hair sample were similar to those for aqueous standard tin solution, indicating the possibility of direct calibration against aqueous standard solutions. The addition of Pd and HCl enhanced the absorbance of tin and improved the precision. Analytical results obtained for a hair sample and a hair reference material by the proposed method were in good agreement with those obtained by the conventional acid digestion method or reported values. (Received on August 9, 2001; Accepted on September 13, 2001) The contamination of the environment by tin compounds has became a serious problem. Tributyltin compounds have been used in antifouling paints for ships. Today, these organotin compounds are assumed endocrine disrupting chemicals whic

Worldwide survey on implantation of and outcomes for conduction system pacing with His bundle and left bundle branch area pacing leads.

BACKGROUND Adoption and outcomes for conduction system pacing (CSP), which includes His bundle pacing (HBP) or left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP), in real-world settings are incompletely understood. We sought to describe real-world adoption of CSP lead implantation and subsequent outcomes. METHODS We performed an online cross-sectional survey on the implantation and outcomes associated with CSP, between November 15, 2020, and February 15, 2021. We described survey responses and reported HBP and LBBAP outcomes for bradycardia pacing and cardiac resynchronization CRT indications, separately. RESULTS The analysis cohort included 140 institutions, located on 5 continents, who contributed data to the worldwide survey on CSP. Of these, 127 institutions (90.7%) reported experience implanting CSP leads. CSP and overall device implantation volumes were reported by 84 institutions. In 2019, the median proportion of device implants with CSP, HBP, and/or LBBAP leads attempted were 4.4% (interquartile range [IQR], 1.9-12.5%; range, 0.4-100%), 3.3% (IQR, 1.3-7.1%; range, 0.2-87.0%), and 2.5% (IQR, 0.5-24.0%; range, 0.1-55.6%), respectively. For bradycardia pacing indications, HBP leads, as compared to LBBAP leads, had higher reported implant threshold (median [IQR]: 1.5 V [1.3-2.0 V] vs 0.8 V [0.6-1.0 V], p = 0.0008) and lower ventricular sensing (median [IQR]: 4.0 mV [3.0-5.0 mV] vs. 10.0 mV [7.0-12.0 mV], p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, CSP lead implantation has been broadly adopted but has yet to become the default approach at most surveyed institutions. As the indications and data for CSP continue to evolve, strategies to educate and promote CSP lead implantation at institutions without CSP lead implantation experience would be necessary