Live cell images of hMSCs after 14 days of differentiation in osteogenic medium <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Shown are hMSCs of osteoporotic (left) and non osteoporotic (right) donors in presence of etched (1^st row) or ground Ti-40Nb (2^nd row), Ti-6Al-4V (3^rd row) or without Ti (4^th row) in presence of BDNF (A), ACh (B), Nic (C) or without pharmaceuticals serving as controls (D). White arrows indicate mineral. The images show cells of different donors as typical representative of 4 independent experiments. Black regions at the margin of pictures show Ti alloys. Scale bar shown in A applies to all photographs in this figure.</p

Live cell images of hMSCs after 21 days of differentiation in osteogenic medium <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Shown are hMSCs of osteoporotic (left) and non osteoporotic (right) donors in presence of etched (1^st row) or ground Ti-40Nb (2^nd row), Ti-6Al-4V (3^rd row) or without Ti (4^th row) in presence of BDNF (A), ACh (B), Nic (C) or without pharmaceuticals serving as controls (D). White arrows indicate mineral. The images show cells of different donors as typical representative of 4 independent experiments. Black regions at the margin of pictures show Ti alloys. Scale bar shown in A applies to all photographs in this figure.</p

Live cell images of hMSCs number after 7 days <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Shown are hMSCs of osteoporotic (left) and non osteoporotic (right) donors in presence of etched (1^st row) or ground Ti-40Nb (2^nd row), Ti-6Al-4V (3^rd row) or without Ti (4^th row) in presence of BDNF (A), ACh (B), Nic (C) or without pharmaceuticals serving as controls (D). The images show cells of different donors as typical representative of 4 independent experiments. Black regions at the margin of pictures show Ti alloys. Scale bar shown in A applies to all photographs in this figure.</p

Live cell images of hMSCs number after 21 days <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Shown are hMSCs of osteoporotic (left) and non osteoporotic (right) donors in presence of etched (1^st row) or ground Ti-40Nb (2^nd row), Ti-6Al-4V (3^rd row) or without Ti (4^th row) in presence of BDNF (A), ACh (B), Nic (C) or without pharmaceuticals serving as controls (D). White arrows indicate RS cells. The images show cells of different donors as typical representative of 4 independent experiments. Black regions at the margin of pictures show Ti alloys. Scale bar shown in A applies to all photographs in this figure.</p

Relative cell number of hMSCs of osteoporotic (grey boxplots) and non osteoporotic (white boxplots) donors in presence of etched or ground Ti-40Nb, Ti-6Al-4V as well as without Ti with or without pharmaceuticals.

<p>Shown is the effect of Ti alloys on cell number after 14 d (A) and 21 d (B) of <i>in vitro</i> incubation. The grey line represents cells at time point 0 d without Ti and without pharmaceuticals. A value of p ≤ 0.05 was considered to be significant and is indicated with one asterisk.</p

Live cell images of hMSCs after 7 days of differentiation in osteogenic medium <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Shown are hMSCs of osteoporotic (left) and non osteoporotic (right) donors in presence of etched (1^st row) or ground Ti-40Nb (2^nd row), Ti-6Al-4V (3^rd row) or without Ti (4^th row) in presence of BDNF (A), ACh (B), Nic (C) or without pharmaceuticals serving as controls (D). The images show cells of different donors as typical representative of 4 independent experiments. Black regions at the margin of pictures show Ti alloys. Scale bar shown in A applies to all photographs in this figure.</p

Live cell images of hMSCs number after 14 days <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Shown are hMSCs of osteoporotic (left) and non osteoporotic (right) donors in presence of etched (1^st row) or ground Ti-40Nb (2^nd row), Ti-6Al-4V (3^rd row) or without Ti (4^th row) in presence of BDNF (A), ACh (B), Nic (C) or without pharmaceuticals serving as controls (D). The images show cells of different donors as typical representative of 4 independent experiments. Black regions at the margin of pictures show Ti alloys. Scale bar shown in A applies to all photographs in this figure.</p

Podoplanin staining at the plain iron foam (Fe).

<p>The interface of the wedge-shaped implant (m) was covered with granulation tissue (gt) that infiltrated the interconnected pores (p) near the interface (A-B). Podoplanin immunopositive lymphatic vessels (arrow) were found in the granulation tissue often close to the yellow cells with the resorbed iron (C). Granula of resorbed iron (star) were found in lymphatic capillaries (D). Lymphatics were also situated next to iron fragments (arrowhead, E). Islets with podoplanin stained osteocytes were detected in the granulation tissue (F). Nuclei were counterstained with hematoxylin. Bar represents 1 mm in A, 200 µm in B, 20 µm in C-D.</p

Podoplanin immunohistochemistry at the implant of iron foam with a strontium coating (Fe-S).

<p>Podoplanin labeled lymphatic vessels (arrow) were found in the granulation tissue (gt) at the implant (m) interface and in the interconnected pores (A-B). Higher magnification showed the adjacency of the bone substitution material and the lymphatics (C). A high amount of cells with yellow granular cytoplasm were localized in the granulations tissue (D). These cells are supposed to resorb the degraded implant. They are often found close to the lymphatic vessels that sometimes seem to contain lymphocytes (D). Nuclei were counterstained with hematoxylin. Bar represents 1 mm in A, 200 µm in B, 20 µm in C-D.</p

CPC based implants.

<p>Podoplanin immunopositive lymphatic vessels (arrow) were localized in the granulation tissue (gt) at the interface of the CPC implant (A-E) as well as at the strontium functionalized CPC (CPC-S in E-F) where an improved fragmentation was found (F). Lympatics were often associated with blood vessels that were identified by Microfil^® perfusion (star in C). Podoplanin also stained osteocytes (arrowhead in B-F) and mature osteoblasts (O). Nuclei were counterstained with hematoxylin. m = bone substitution material. Bars: 1 mm in A, F, 200 µm in B, G, and 20 µm in C-E.</p