Lymphocyte subpopulations in the auricular lymph nodes of different mouse strains.

<p>Auricular lymph nodes were collected and FACS analyses were performed. A) CD3⁺CD4⁺ (Th-lymphocytes), B) CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺ (activated/Treg-lymphocytes), C) CD3⁺CD8⁺ (Tc-lymphocytes) and D) CD19⁺ (B-lymphocytes) lymphocytes were characterized. Experimental groups are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g001" target="_blank">figure 1</a>. Data are presented as means ± S.D., n = 4−9, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001 compared to the 0/0 group, # p<0.05, ## p<0.01 and ### p<0.001 compared to the 0/1 group.</p

Radar graphs of the different mouse strains.

<p>The radar graphs give a visual overview of all results combined for the complete control group (0/0) (blue field) versus the complete TDI-treated group (1/1) (red field). Experimental groups are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g001" target="_blank">figure 1</a>. The lower limit of each axis is always 0. The upper limit of each axis is the maximum average for a specific parameter measured in one strain and is presented as 100%. AHR  =  area under the curve (AUC) of the airway hyper-reactivity (0–36 AUC of airway resistance) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g001" target="_blank">figure 1H</a>); BAL cells  =  total BAL cell count (0–18.2×10⁴ cells); Macro  =  total number of BAL macrophages (0–11.5×10⁴ cells) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g002" target="_blank">figure 2A and B</a>); Neutro  =  total number of BAL neutrophils (0–5.7×10⁴ cells) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g002" target="_blank">figure 2A and B</a>); Eosino  =  total number of BAL eosinophils (0–1.3×10⁴ cells) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g002" target="_blank">figure 2A and B</a>); IgE  =  total serum IgE (0–8000 ng/ml) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g004" target="_blank">figure 4</a>); IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-4  =  cytokines measured in supernatant of cultured auricular lymphocytes (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-t001" target="_blank">table 1</a>), IFN-γ (0–3400 pg/ml), IL-10 (0–116 pg/ml), IL-13 (0–530 pg/ml) and IL-4 (0–10.2 pg/ml); CD19⁺  =  CD19⁺ B-lymphocytes per auricular lymph node (0–2.1×10⁶ cells) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g003" target="_blank">figure 3D</a>); CD8⁺  =  CD3⁺CD8⁺ Tc-lymphocytes per auricular lymph node (0–0.6×10⁶ cells) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g003" target="_blank">figure 3C</a>); CD4⁺CD25⁺  =  CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺ activated/Treg-lymphocytes per auricular lymph node (0–0.145×10⁶ cells) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g003" target="_blank">figure 3B</a>); CD4⁺  =  CD3⁺CD4⁺ Th-lymphocytes per auricular lymph node (0–1.8×10⁶ cells) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g003" target="_blank">figure 3A</a>). For specific significant differences between the 0/0 and the 1/1 group, check the specific graphs.</p

Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in different mouse strains.

<p>The airway resistance (R), after increasing concentrations of methacholine (0–10 mg/ml), was measured 24 hours after the challenge. Figures A) to G) reflect the airway hyperresponsiveness to increasing concentrations of methacholine per mouse strain. Figure H) represents the AUC of R per experimental condition and per mouse strain. Experimental groups are 0/0, 0/1 and 1/1. The first number identifies the agent used for the dermal applications (sensitizations) and the second number identifies the agent used for the oropharyngeal aspiration (challenge). A treatment with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) is shown as 1 and a treatment with the vehicle (a mixture of acetone and olive oil), is shown as 0. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. (A–G) and mean with individual values (H), n = 5–11 per group, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001 compared with the 0/0 group, # p<0.05 and ### p<0.001 compared with the 0/1 group.</p

Cytokines in supernatants of lymphocytes obtained from auricular lymph nodes.

<p>Auricular lymph node cells were cultured (42 h) with concanavaline A (2.5 µg/ml). Concentrations (pg/ml) of IL-2 (data not shown), IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17 (data not shown) and IFN-γ were measured, by Cytometric Bead Array, in the supernatant. Experimental groups are identical to those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g001" target="_blank">figure 1</a>. Data are presented as mean ± S.D., n = 4−11 values per group. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001 compared to the 0/0 group and ^# p<0.05, ^## p<0.01 and ^### p<0.001 compared to the 0/1 group.</p

Total serum IgE in different mouse strains.

<p>Total serum IgE was measured 24 hours after the challenge. Experimental groups are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012581#pone-0012581-g001" target="_blank">figure 1</a>. Data are presented as means ± SD, n = 6–14, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001 compared to the 0/0 group, ## p<0.01 and ### p<0.001 compared to the 0/1 group.</p

A Genetic Study on Attention Problems and Academic Skills: Results of a Longitudinal Study in Twins

Video S4. 3D video of SWCNTs around the nucleus. (AVI 49 kb

Body distribution of SiO₂–Fe₃O₄ core-shell nanoparticles after intravenous injection and intratracheal instillation

<p>Nano-silicon dioxide (SiO₂) is used nowadays in several biomedical applications such as drug delivery and cancer therapy, and is produced on an industrial scale as additive to paints and coatings, cosmetics and food. Data regarding the long-term biokinetics of SiO₂ engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) is lacking. In this study, the whole-body biodistribution of SiO₂ core-shell ENPs containing a paramagnetic core of Fe₃O₄ was investigated after a single exposure via intravenous injection or intratracheal instillation in mice. The distribution and accumulation in different organs was evaluated for a period of 84 days using several techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. We demonstrated that intravenously administered SiO₂ ENPs mainly accumulate in the liver, and are retained in this tissue for over 84 days. After intratracheal instillation, an almost complete particle clearance from the lung was seen after 84 days with distribution to spleen and kidney. Furthermore, we have strong evidence that the ENPs retain their original core-shell structure during the whole observation period. This work gives an insight into the whole-body biodistribution of SiO₂ ENPs and will provide guidance for further toxicity studies.</p