Eastward extension of the Baiu Front on the surface weather maps in ralation to zonal scale of the area with strong low-level southerly wind toward the front

Eastward extension of the Baiu front in relation to zonal scale of the area with strong low-level southerly wind toward the front was examined based on the operational surface weather maps and the NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data mainly for the mature Baiu period (15 June to 31 July) from 1991 to 2000. During that period, the Baiu front on the surface weather maps appeared from the Changjiang River Basim to the east of the Japan Islands accompanied by the strong low-level southerly wind toward it in a wide zonal scala(～3500km), in many cases. However, the situations when the appesrance of the Baiu front was limited to the western part of the Japan Islands or limited to its eastern part are sometimes found with relatively narrow zonal acale of the strong low-level southerly wind toward the front, although the appearance frequency of such cases was not so high. As such the present results illustrate the importance of the zonal scale of the subtropical high for the spatial activity of the Baiu front

Characteristics of typhoon tracks and large-scale atmospheric fields associated with the typhoon approach to the Japan Islands in early summer

The number of typhoons approaching the Japan Islands is much smaller in May and June than in August to September. However, some typhoons abnormally approach to the Japan Islands in May or June as in 2004. The present study investigated the characteristics of the typhoon tracks and the large-scale fields in May and June associated with the approach of typhoons to the Japan Islands. Climatologically speaking, typhoons are generally formed in the lower latitude in May and early June, and tend to turn to ENE-ward before they reach ~ 20N in May by the upper- and middle-level westerly wind. In June, the upper-level easterly wind associated with the Tibetan high seems to prevent typhoons from approaching to the Japan Islands. However, when the cell-type subtropical high and the deep westerly trough in its western side are formed with the SW-ly from the lower to the middle latitude, a favorable situation for the northward invasion of the typhoon can be realized in May. On the other hand, the formation of the barotropic-like subtropical high to the southeast of the Japan Islands seems to enable a typhoon to approach to the Japan Islands by the S-ly wind around the subtropical high

Bis(1H-imidazole-κN 3){2,2′-[propane-1,2-diylbis(nitrilo­methyl­idyne)]diphenolato-κ4 O,N,N′,O′}iron(III) perchlorate

The title compound, [Fe(C17H16N2O2)(C3H4N2)2]ClO4, consists of monomeric [Fe(salmen)(HIm)2]+ cations {salmen is the 2,2′-[propane-1,2-diylbis(nitrilo­methyl­idyne)]diphen­olate dianion and HIm is 1H-imiazole} and perchlorate anions. In the cation, the Fe3+ ion is octahedrally coordinated by two N atoms and two O atoms from a tetra­dentate salmen anion and two N atoms from two Him mol­ecules. These ligands are coordinated to the iron ion in a direction perpendicular to the [Fe(salmen)]+ coordination plane. The benzene ring planes in the salmen ligands are oriented nearly parallel to one another inter­molecularly [dihedral angle = 6.36 (3)°]. The dihedral angle between the mean planes through the imidazole rings in the cation is 76.9 (2)°. In the crystal, N—H⋯O inter­actions link the mol­ecules into a one-dimensional double chain running along [101] and C—H⋯O inter­actions link the double chains into a two-dimensional network, running parallel to the ac plane

Conditional deletion of Bmpr1a in differentiated osteoclasts increases osteoblastic bone formation, increasing volume of remodeling bone in mice

Bone undergoes remodeling consisting of osteoclastic bone resorption followed by osteoblastic bone formation throughout life. Although the effects of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals on osteoblasts have been studied extensively, the function of BMP signals in osteoclasts has not been fully elucidated. To delineate the function of BMP signals in osteoclasts during bone remodeling, we deleted BMP receptor type IA ( Bmpr1a ) in an osteoclast‐specific manner using a knock‐in Cre mouse line to the cathepsin K locus ( Ctsk Cre/+ ;Bmpr1a flox/flox , designated as Bmpr1a ΔOc/ΔOc ). Cre was specifically expressed in multinucleated osteoclasts in vivo. Cre‐dependent deletion of the Bmpr1a gene occurred at 4 days after cultivation of bone marrow macrophages obtained from Bmpr1a ΔOc/ΔOc with RANKL. These results suggested that Bmpr1a was deleted after formation of osteoclasts in Bmpr1a ΔOc/ΔOc mice. Expression of bone‐resorption markers increased, thus suggesting that BMPRIA signaling negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation. Trabeculae in tibia and femurs were thickened in 3.5‐, 8‐, and 12‐week‐old Bmpr1a ΔOc/ΔOc mice. Bone histomorphometry revealed increased bone volume associated with increased osteoblastic bone‐formation rates (BFR) in the remodeling bone of the secondary spongiosa in Bmpr1a ΔOc/ΔOc tibias at 8 weeks of age. For comparison, we also induced an osteoblast‐specific deletion of Bmpr1a using Col1a1‐Cre. The resulting mice showed increased bone volume with marked decreases in BFR in tibias at 8 weeks of age. These results indicate that deletion of Bmpr1a in differentiated osteoclasts increases osteoblastic bone formation, thus suggesting that BMPR1A signaling in osteoclasts regulates coupling to osteoblasts by reducing bone‐formation activity during bone remodeling. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral ResearchPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87086/1/477_ftp.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87086/2/jbmr_477_sm_SupplData.pd

Atypical gaze patterns in children and adults with autism spectrum disorders dissociated from developmental changes in gaze behaviour

Eye tracking has been used to investigate gaze behaviours in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, traditional analysis has yet to find behavioural characteristics shared by both children and adults with ASD. To distinguish core ASD gaze behaviours from those that change with development, we examined temporo-spatial gaze patterns in children and adults with and without ASD while they viewed video clips. We summarized the gaze patterns of 104 participants using multidimensional scaling so that participants with similar gaze patterns would cluster together in a two-dimensional plane. Control participants clustered in the centre, reflecting a standard gaze behaviour, whereas participants with ASD were distributed around the periphery. Moreover, children and adults were separated on the plane, thereby showing a clear effect of development on gaze behaviours. Post hoc frame-by-frame analyses revealed the following findings: (i) both ASD groups shifted their gaze away from a speaker earlier than the control groups; (ii) both ASD groups showed a particular preference for letters; and (iii) typical infants preferred to watch the mouth rather than the eyes during speech, a preference that reversed with development. These results highlight the importance of taking the effect of development into account when addressing gaze behaviours characteristic of ASD

Dwarf Novae in the Shortest Orbital Period Regime: I. A New Short Period Dwarf Nova, OT J055717+683226

We report the observation of a new dwarf nova, OT J055717+683226, during its first-ever recorded superoutburst in December 2006. Our observation shows that this object is an SU UMa-type dwarf nova having a very short superhump period of 76.67+/- 0.03 min (0.05324+/-0.00002 d). The next superoutburst was observed in March 2008. The recurrence time of superoutbursts (supercycle) is, hence, estimated to be ~480 d. The supercycle is much shorter than those of WZ Sge-type dwarf novae having supercycles of >~ 10 yr, which are a major population of dwarf novae in the shortest orbital period regime (<~85 min). Using a hierarchical cluster analysis, we identified seven groups of dwarf novae in the shortest orbital period regime. We identified a small group of objects that have short supercycles, small outburst amplitudes, and large superhump period excesses, compared with those of WZ Sge stars. OT J055717+683226 probably belongs to this group.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in PAS

Outcomes of endoscopic treatment for malignant biliary obstruction in patients with surgically altered anatomy: analysis of risk factors for clinical failure

Background To evaluate the outcomes of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) using short-type double-balloon enteroscope (sDBE) in patients with surgically altered anatomy. Methods A total of 45 patients with surgically altered anatomy underwent ERCP using sDBE for the treatment of MBO between April 2011 and March 2019. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and technical success (insertion and biliary intervention success), adverse events, and risk factors for clinical failure. Results The scope was successfully inserted in the target site in 82.2% of patients (37/45), and among them, biliary intervention success was achieved in 86.4% (32/37). The overall technical success rate was 71.1% (32/45) and clinical success rate was 68.9% (31/45), with an adverse event rate of 11.1%. In multivariate analysis, the presence of peritoneal dissemination (odds ratio, 7.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–43.5, p = 0.02) was as an independent risk factor for clinical failure. The clinical success rate was 38.5% in patients with peritoneal dissemination and 81.3% in those without peritoneal dissemination. Conclusion Endoscopic treatment using sDBE in patients without peritoneal dissemination provided favorable outcomes, and it can be an initial treatment for MBO in patients with surgically altered anatomy. Endoscopic biliary stent placement with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) for the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) has been widely accepted as an effective drainage method because it is less invasive and safe and has a high success rate (1–3). However, MBO is treated using percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) or surgical bypass because of difficulties related to endoscopic access to the bile duct following gastrointestinal reconstruction. However, these methods are associated with marked adverse event (AE) rates [1,2,3]. Recently, balloon-assisted endoscopy (BAE) facilitates ERCP in patients with surgically altered anatomy. As for a double-balloon enteroscope (DBE), a short-type DBE (sDBE) is especially useful because it allows the use of many standard ERCP accessories. The success rates of reaching the target site and ERCP-related interventions associated using these endoscopes range from 73–100% and 85–100%, respectively [4, 5]. We previously reported that the success rate of reaching the target site and biliary intervention was 93.8% and 95.7%, respectively, in patients with benign hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) anastomotic stricture [6]. However, inaccessibility of the target site may occur due to severe postoperative adhesions or a long insertion time (i.e., > 60 min). Furthermore, previous reports have shown that the success rate of BAE in MBO cases was significantly lower than that in benign biliary diseases [7, 8]. Few reports have investigated the outcome of BAE for MBO in patients with surgically altered anatomy. Additionally, the risk factors for clinical failure are not well-established. Thus, we retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of endoscopic treatment for MBO using sDBE in patients with surgically altered anatomy and identified risk factors for clinical failure