Effects of fruit skin and water temperature during soaking before germination on the emergence rates of common buckwheat

The studies focused effects of the presence of fruit skin (hull or pericarp) and water temperature during water soaking before germination on the emergence rates of common buckwheat (Fagophyrum esculentum Moench) after seeding. We aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying the poor emergence rates that have been observed after water flooding before germination. Shinano No.1 was exposed to water soaking treatments at temperatures of 10,15,20, or 25℃ for 3 days. After soaking, the seeds were grown at 20℃, and the percentages of emerged seedlings were investigated 7 days after seeding. Dehulled seeds and normal seeds were soaked for 4 days at 25℃, and the contents of dissolved oxygen were measured in the water. The emergence rates of normal intact seeds (fruits)decreased significantly (p＜0.01)with an increase in soaking water temperature before germination. The emergence rates of dehulled seeds improved after removing the fruit skin, and it reached 70%,even at 25℃.Soaking treatment for 96 h at 25℃ decreased the emergence rates of normal seeds and dehulled seeds. The emergence rate of normal seeds was significantly lower than that of dehulled seeds (p＜0.001). Moreover, there was no difference in the emergence rates of dehulled seeds between plots with or without daily water replacement. The contents of dissolved oxygen in the water at 25℃ did not differ between normal seeds and dehulled seeds after 50h. These results suggested that high temperatures affected embryo viability and that the relative mechanical resistance of the fruit skin on the embryo directly affected the seed emergence rate.Article信州大学農学部AFC報告 13: 113-118 (2015)departmental bulletin pape

Influence of organic fertilizer on rhizome yield and α-tocopherol content of Codonopsis lanceolata

Codonopsis lanceolata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Trautv. is a valuable wild vegetable in East Asian countries, especially Korea. We investigated effects of organic fertilizer application on rhizome yield and quality under Andosol soil conditions in the AFC field of Shinshu University. Commercial barnyard manure, which was fermented with crushed bark and beef cattle dung, and Japanese oak leaf mold were applied at the rates of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g m-2. Barnyard manure increased the fresh weight yield of rhizomes but decreased the DL-α-tocopherol (vitamin E) content. The rhizome yield was drastically influenced by the C/N ratio of the soil from the surface to 30 cm below ground level that was controlled by the application ratio of barnyard manure to leaf mold. Total N, soluble P, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg did not significantly affect the rhizome yield. There was a significant negative correlation between the rhizome fresh weight and vitamin E content at harvest time. The highest vitamin E content of 9-10 mg 100 g-1 dry matter was obtained at a leaf mold application rate of 10 g m-1. Nitrogen supply from the soil to plants primarily influenced the yield and quality of rhizomes as vegetables or drugs. The vitamin E content under a higher soil C/N ratio was the highest among commercial vegetables available in common Japanese food markets.Article信州大学農学部AFC報告 10: 1-7(2012)departmental bulletin pape

Simplified model of dry matter partitioning in relation to grain yield stability in rice

A new partitioning model was developed for evaluating the dynamics of physiologically degradable materials among rice plant organs. Enzymatic analysis was applied by dividing materials into the following two categories : physiologically degradable, which is regulated by the grain filling rate (dWcp/dt) and grain yield stability (cellular contents, CC), and no degradable structural material comprising the plant cell wall, which cannot be recycled. The CC in dry matter in stover (leaf blade＋leaf sheath＋culm) and panicle samples were determined using a mixture of α-amylase and protease. The field experiments were performed using two commercial varieties of japonica for two years from a paddy field in Japan. The percentage of physiologically degradable matter in dry matter in stover (Wcs%) decreased gradually after transplanting time and decreased quickly after heading, and that of panicle (Wcp%) increased drastically after heading. The dry weight of CC in stover (Wcs) increased gradually up to the heading stage and decreased after heading. In contrast, the dry weight biomass of CC in panicle (Wcp) increased after heading and drastically decreased 10 d after heading. The derivations of Wcs and Wcp were calculated for indicating the apparent removal rate from stover to panicle (dWcs/dt), and the grain filling rate was indicated by the term of the fractions of enzymatic analysis. The upper peak of dWcs/dt and the lower peak of dWcs/dt were observed approximately 20 d before heading and 15 d after heading, respectively. The change in dWcs/dt after heading coincided with the change in dWcp/dt. There was a significant negative relationship between dWcs/dt and dWcp/dt, and the regression coefficient (slope) and intercept were estimated at -1.47 and 8.46, respectively. Results suggested that dWcs/dt was a more important and dominant factor for determining dWcp/dt than photosynthesis-governed crop growth rate after heading.Article信州大学農学部AFC報告 13: 13-22 (2015)departmental bulletin pape

シンケイ センイショウ 1ガタ ノ セキチュウ ヘンケイ ニ トモナウ ロッコツ ズ ノ セキチュウカン ナイ ダッキュウ

2006 年4 月～2010 年3 月の神経線維腫症1 型に伴う脊柱変形手術例10 例中3 例に肋骨頭の脊柱管内脱臼がみられた.症例1 は6 歳の男児でT4-8:74°,T8-11:72° の側弯があり,左第4 と第5 肋骨頭の脊柱管内への陥入を認めた.症例2 は11 歳の男児でT3-7:100° の側弯とT3-T9:90° の後弯があり,左第6 肋骨頭が脊柱管内へ脱臼し,脊髄を圧排していた.症例3 は27 歳の女性でT6～9:73°,T9～12:68° の側弯とT6-10:91°の後弯を認め,右第7 肋骨頭の脊柱管内脱臼がみられた.本病態の報告例は少ないが,決して希な病態ではなくdystrophic change を伴う脊柱変形においては,肋骨頭の脊柱管内脱臼による潜在的リスクに注意する必要があると考える.Spinal deformities are common features in neurofibromatosistype-1( NF-1). Several types of deformities have been reported, however, intraspinal rib head dislocation (IRD)due to dystrophic change is very rare and not well understood. Between April 2006 and March 2010, we experienced3 patients with IRD out of 10 consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment for dystrophic spinal deformities in NF-1. Case 1:A 6-year-old boy who had 74 ° short angular scoliosis at T4-8 and 72 ° at T8-11 underwent surgery in our institute. CT myelography demonstrated dystrophic changes with for aminal enlargement, vertebral body scalloping, rib penciling and mild IRD. He underwent the Growing Rod techniques and finally underwent posterior spinal fusion (PSF) from T1 to L2 combined with prophylactic rib head resection followed by anterior spinal fusion(ASF) with autologous fibular strut graft. No neurological complications were observed postoperatively and complete bony fusions were achieved. Case 2:Neurologically intact11-year-old boy presented with spinal deformity and caféau-lait spots. Radiography showed 100 ° scoliosis at T3-7and 72 ° at T3-9. CT myelography demonstrated dystrophic changes and IRD and impingement of spinal cord. He underwent PSF with removal of the T6 rib head followed by ASF. Case 3:A 27-year-old woman presented with back pain and spinal deformities. Radiography showed 73 °scoliosis at T6-9 and 91 ° at T9-12. CT myelography demonstrated dystrophic changes and IRD. She also underwentPSF with removal of T7 rib head followed by ASF. AllIRDs were observed at the apex of the convex side of scoliosis.It has a potential risk of spinal cord compression and may cause paraplegia or paraparesis. Therefore, high degree of suspicion is warranted for the treatments of scoliosis with intraspinal rib displacement in NF-1

DEVELOPMENT OF A MAJOR RICE CULTIVATION AREA IN THE KILOMBERO VALLEY, TANZANIA

After economic liberalisation in Tanzania, rice cultivation rapidly expanded as a source of income, and several production areas formed. The Kilombero Valley, located in central southern Tanzania, is a major rice production area. The people residing in the valley had already developed the original rice paddy cultivation system for subsistence farming by the mid nineteenth century. The system depends on run-off from a flooded tributary of the Kilombero River. Recently, production using the indigenous cultivation system has increased and has produced a surplus for sale. However, suitable lands for the flood cultivation system are limited to narrow riversides. One reason why rice production has successfully increased is the introduction of modern technologies, such as tractors and trucks, into the indigenous system. Tractors and trucks have enabled the expansion of paddy fields to remote areas, and as a result, rice production has increased. At the same time, abundant production has accelerated the trading of rice and has increased opportunities for trading. Thus, increased rice production in the Kilombero Valley based on the established indigenous cultivation system has led to activation of the rice market

<試論>イネは湿地の雑穀か？ --東アフリカの稲作農耕について--

東アフリカに位置するタンザニア連合共和国はアフリカ大陸有数の稲作国である。本研究ではここで営まれる稲作農耕について歴史や伝播ルート、環境への適応方法などを考察することで、同地域の稲作の特徴を明らかにしようとした。タンザニアの稲作のルーツは紀元前1世紀から紀元後5世紀の間にアジアからインド洋交易によってもたらされたイネの種子に遡ることができるが、アジア稲作の技術は東アフリカに直接伝わらなかった。現在の東アフリカの稲作技術の要素はほとんどが農学的適応を支える立地適応型技術によって構成されており、立地形成型技術はあまりみられない。このような観点から考察すると東アフリカの稲作はアジア稲作より東アフリカの畑作に近い農耕であり、エキステンシブな指向性をもつ稲作である。同地域ではイネがサバンナの農耕や疎開林における畑作農耕の一部として栽培されている