Changes in relative CD4% and immune activation index with viral load.

<p>Immune activation index is plotted on the vertical axis and defined here as concentration of the biomarker divided by viral load. CD4% per unit viral load is also plotted for comparison. (A) CD4%/viral load (copies/mL), (B) β2 m (mg/L)/viral load (copies/mL), (C) Neopterin (nmol/L)/viral load (copies/mL), and (D) suPAR (<b>µ</b>/L)/viral load (copies/mL).</p

Baseline CD4% and concentrations of the biomarkers in patients who were known to have died or known to be still alive after the first 5 years of follow-up.

*<p>Effect of baseline CD4% or biomarker concentration on odds of death within 5 years using logistic regression.</p

Spearman rank correlations between the CD4% and CD4 absolute counts for all the samples in HIV-1 and HIV-2.

<p>Correlation coefficients (r_s) are shown for each comparison with the p-value shown in brackets below.</p

Mean CD4% and geometric mean biomarker levels at different times before death in patients who died during follow-up compared to levels in stable subjects who were still alive at the end of follow-up.

<p>Comparisons between HIV-1 and HIV-2 patients at similar times before death are also shown. All p-values are adjusted for age of the patient.</p

Spearman rank correlations between the biomarkers, CD4% and viral loads (VL) for all samples in HIV-1 and HIV-2.

<p>Correlation coefficients (r_s) are shown for each comparison with the p-value and number of samples shown in brackets below.</p

Changes in biomarkers over time.

<p>Non-linear regressions showing changes in biomarkers over time as subjects approach death in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected individuals who died during the study for CD4% (A), β2 m (B), Neopterin (C) and suPAR (D).</p

Comparison of median baseline and the 5 year estimated values of CD4%, β2 m, neopterin and sUPAR for HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected subjects who were still alive after 5 years of follow up.

*<p>Median of pairwise differences (5 year estimates – baseline values).</p>**<p>Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test for baseline vs 5 years.</p>***<p>Wilcoxon ranksum test comparing 5 year changes in HIV-1 patients with 5 year changes in HIV-2 patients.</p

Prediction of death from baseline measurements.

<p>ROC curves for prediction of death within 5 years from baseline measurements of CD4% and the biomarkers for HIV-1 (A) and HIV-2 (B) subjects. Areas under the curves (with 95% confidence intervals) are also shown. P-values indicate significance of the difference in areas compared with the curve for 100-CD4%. Curves approaching the top left hand corner of the graph and an area under the curve (AUC) closer to 1 indicate better predictive ability. An AUC of 0.5 is equivalent to guessing and an AUC of 1 would correspond to perfect prediction of which patients who would die within 5 years and which would not.</p

Comparison of methods of diagnosis in MDR-TB cases and controls.

*<p>Median (inter-quartile range (IQR)).</p><p>AFB = acid fast bacilli, GW = gastric washing, BAL = bronchoalveolar lavage.</p><p>FNA = fine needle aspiration of a lymph node/TB mass.</p><p>NA = Not applicable.</p

Comparison of MDR-TB cases diagnosed by <i>rpoB</i> mutation versus culture alone.

<p>IQR = interquartile range.</p><p>AE = adverse event.</p