Restriction enzyme digestion of DNA sequences amplified with Civ18S1500F and Nem5.8R.

<p>By digestion with <i>Alu</i> I, two bands were formed for type I in area from 200 to 500 bp, while only one band was formed for types II and III. By digestion using <i>Hinc</i> II, two bands of about 300 and 500 bp were formed for type I, while only one band similar to original band was visible for types II and III.</p

Comparison of ITS-1 sequences of hookworms from apes and humans from Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas.

<p>Host and accession number in DNA database are given in parentheses. Dots indicate homologous nucleotides with <i>N. americanus</i> (<i>N. a.</i>) from Guatemala (AF217891); dash indicates absence of nucleotide. Major indels are shaded.</p

Comparison of ITS-2 sequences of hookworms from apes and humans from Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas.

<p>Host and accession number in DNA database are given in parentheses. Dots indicate homologous nucleotides with <i>N. americanus</i> (<i>N. a.</i>) from Guatemala (AF217891); dash indicates absence of nucleotide. Major indels are shaded.</p

Amplification of partial ITS-1 region using specific primers.

<p>Primers AmerF3 and AmerR2 only amplified specific band of about 250-1, while no clear band was formed for types II and III. CongF and Nem5.8R resulted in formation of specific band of about 650 bp for types II and III, while prominent bands were not formed for type I.</p

Map of study site in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic.

<p>Dark grey – Dzanga and Ndoki Sectors of the protected Dzanga Ndoki National Park; light grey - Dzanga Sangha Dense Forest Special Reserve; 1 – location of villages Bayanga, Mossapoula and Yandumbé; M – research camp Mongambe; B – research camp Bai Hokou.</p

Amino acid substitutions found among the haplotypes of partial <i>cox1</i> gene.

<p>* No. of haplotypes.</p

Evolutionary relationships of <i>Necator</i> spp. from apes and humans in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas.

<p>Tree was reconstructed by Neighbor-Joining method on mtDNA <i>cox1</i> sequences each with 669 nucleotides. Host and accession number in DNA database in parentheses are given at each branch. Humans are CAR people except for two Europeans marked with asterisks, who acquired the infection in CAR. Bootstrap values larger than 50 are shown.</p

Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis infection in humans, wild and domestic animals.

<p><b>n</b>  =  number of samples; <b>EC I</b>  =  <i>E. cuniculi</i> genotype I; <b>EC II</b>  =  <i>E. cuniculi</i> genotype II; <b>E</b>  =  <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> assemblage E; <b>A</b>  =  <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> assemblage A.</p

Neighbour-joining tree based on nucleotide sequences of the whole ITS region of Enterocytozoon bieneusi isolates, including our new sequences (underlined).

<p>Genotypes previously found in apes and humans are shaded. The host is listed for each sample. Values on branches are percent bootstrapping using 1 000 replicates. The bootstrap proportions greater than 50% are shown on each branch. Nucleotide sequences generated from this study are underlined and are deposited in the GenBank under Accession Nos. JQ837793-JQ837800.</p

<i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i>, <i>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</i>, <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> infection in wild western lowland gorillas (<i>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</i>) under different levels of human contact.

<p><b>D</b> =  <i>E. bieneusi</i> genotype D; <b>gorilla 1</b>  =  <i>E. bieneusi</i> genotype gorilla 1; <b>gorilla 2</b>  =  <i>E. bieneusi</i> genotype gorilla 2; <b>gorilla 3</b>  =  <i>E. bieneusi</i> genotype gorilla 3; <b>EC I</b>  =  <i>E. cuniculi</i> genotype I; <b>EC II</b>  =  <i>E. cuniculi</i> genotype II; <b>A</b>  =  <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> assemblage A; <b>n¹</b> number of samples; <b>n²</b> number of animals sampled.</p