Characteristics of studies examining the association of sanitation availability or sanitation use with soil-transmitted helminth infections, including quality assessment.

a<p>Data provided by author.</p><p>A.l., <i>Ascaris lumbricoides</i>; BM, Baermann (technique); Cal., calculated; DS, direct smear; FEC, formalin-ether concentration (technique); FES, formalin-ether sedimentation (technique); HH, household; H-M, Harada-Mori (technique); Hw, hookworm; KAP, Koga agar plate (technique); K-K, Kato-Katz (technique); Mod., modified; MVA, multivariate analysis; PAFS, polyvinyl alcohol fixative solution; PSc, pre-school children; n.s., not stated; RFEC, Ritchie's formalin-ether concentration (technique); Sc, schoolchildren; SS, stool sedimentation (technique); STH, soil-transmitted helminths; T-L, Teleman-Lima (technique); T.t., <i>Trichuris trichiura</i>; UVA, univariate analysis; ZSF, zinc sulfate flotation (technique).</p

Meta-analysis examining the association of sanitation facilities with <i>A. lumbricoides</i> infection.

<p>Data are presented separately for availability and use of sanitation. Rectangles indicate ORs, and sizes of the rectangles represent the weight given to each study in the meta-analysis; open diamonds and vertical dashed lines indicate combined ORs; and horizontal lines indicate 95% CIs. Data are presented separately for ^aonly pit latrine, ^bonly solar urine-diverting desiccating latrine, ^conly adults, ^donly children. N.A., not assessed.</p

Meta-analysis examining the association of sanitation facilities with hookworm infection.

<p>Data are presented separately for availability and use of sanitation. Rectangles indicate ORs, and sizes of the rectangles represent the weight given to each study in the meta-analysis; open diamonds and vertical dashed lines indicate combined ORs; and horizontal lines indicate 95% CIs. Data are presented separately for ^aonly pit latrine, ^bonly solar urine-diverting desiccating latrine, ^conly adults, ^donly children. N.A., not assessed.</p

Meta-analysis examining the association of sanitation facilities with <i>T. trichiura</i> infection.

<p>Data are presented separately for availability and use of sanitation. Rectangles indicate ORs, and sizes of the rectangles represent the weight given to each study in the meta-analysis; open diamonds and vertical dashed lines indicate combined ORs; and horizontal lines indicate 95% CIs. Data are presented separately for ^aonly pit latrine, ^bonly solar urine-diverting desiccating latrine, ^conly adults, ^donly children. N.A., not assessed.</p

Meta-analysis examining the association of sanitation facilities with infection with the three common soil-transmitted helminths combined.

<p>Data are presented separately for availability and use of sanitation. Rectangles indicate ORs, and sizes of the rectangles represent the weight given to each study in the meta-analysis; open diamonds and vertical dashed lines indicate combined ORs; and horizontal lines indicate 95% CIs. Data are presented separately for ^aonly adults and ^bonly children.</p

Summary results of sub-group analysis examining the association of sanitation with soil-transmitted helminth infections.

<p>N.A., not assessed.</p

Flowchart visualizing the procedure for identifying relevant publications.

<p>Overall, 36 publications were identified, containing 39 datasets (A). Number of hits (B) and ultimate identification of relevant publications (C) are also shown, for three different electronic databases. STH, soil-transmitted helminths. ^aMultiple exclusion criteria possible.</p

Flow-chart showing the steps used to assemble the GNTD database.

<p>1. PubMed <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001404#pntd.0001404-PubMed1" target="_blank">[24]</a>, ISI Web of Knowledge <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001404#pntd.0001404-ISI1" target="_blank">[25]</a>, African Journal Online (AJOL) <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001404#pntd.0001404-African1" target="_blank">[26]</a>, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-resources documentaries <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001404#pntd.0001404-IRD1" target="_blank">[28]</a>, WHO library archive <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001404#pntd.0001404-WHO2" target="_blank">[27]</a>, Doumenge et al. <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001404#pntd.0001404-Doumenge1" target="_blank">[17]</a>; 2. Dissertations and theses in local universities or public health departments, ministry of health reports, other reports and personal communication. 3. Proforma and MySQL database include: (i) data source (authors); (ii) document type; (iii) location of the survey; (iv) area information (rural or urban); (v) coordinates (lat long in decimal degrees); (vi) method of the sample recruitment and diagnostic technique; (vii) description of survey (community-, school- or hospital-based); (viii) date of survey (month/year); and (ix) prevalence information (number of subjects examined and positive by age group and parasite species).</p

Observed prevalence of <i>S. mansoni</i> based on current progress of the GNTD database in Africa.

<p>The data included 4604 georeferenced survey locations. Prevalence equal to 0% in yellow dots, low infection rates (0.1–9.9%) in orange dots, moderate infection rates (10.0–49.9%) in light brown dots and high infection rates (≥50%) in brown dots. Cut-offs follow WHO recommendations <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001404#pntd.0001404-WHO3" target="_blank">[35]</a>.</p

Observed prevalence of <i>S. haematobium</i> based on current progress of the GNTD database in Africa.

<p>The data included 5807 georeferenced survey locations. Prevalence equal to 0%, low infection rates (0.1–9.9%), moderate infection rates (10.0–49.9%) and high infection rates (≥50%) indicated by a red scale from light red to dark red. Cut-offs follow WHO recommendations <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001404#pntd.0001404-WHO3" target="_blank">[35]</a>.</p