The log relative gene expression (normalised to GAPDH) of Kim-1, COL3A1 and VIM defined by real-time PCR from 3 biopsies with low/no MT-PCR expression (−) and 3 biopsies with medium/high MT-PCR expression (+) for that gene.

<p>Values are means ± SEM.</p

P4HA2 log relative gene expression (normalised to GAPDH) from normal biopsies (Control) and biopsies with (A) the presence of eosinophils, (B) interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA, 0 = absent, 1 = <5%, 2 = 6–25%, 3 = 26–50%, 4 = >50%) and (C) chronic kidney disease (CKD) defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, 1 = ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m², 2 = 60–89 ml/min/1.73 m², 3 = 30–59 ml/min/1.73 m², 4 = 15–29 ml/min/1.73 m², 5 = <15 ml/min/1.73 m²).

<p>Values are means ± SEM. *P<0.05, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test.</p

The log relative gene expression (normalised to GAPDH) of Kim-1, P4HA2, COL3A1, VIM, SMAD3 and TJP1 across disease diagnoses.

<p>Values are means ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test.</p

Kim-1 log relative gene expression (normalised to GAPDH) from normal biopsies (Control) and biopsies with (A) overall cortical inflammation (OCI, 0 = absent, 1–2 = 5–25%, 3–4 = 26–>50%), (B) unscarred cortical inflammation (UCI, 0 = absent, 1 = <5%, 2 = 6–25%, 3 = 26–50%), (C) the presence of acute tubular injury, (D) the presence of neutrophils and (E) proteinuria, defined using a urine protein to creatinine ratio (uPCR) (A = < 100 mg/mmol, B = 100–299 mg/mmol, C = ≥300 mg/mmol).

<p>Values are means ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test.</p

The log relative gene expression (normalised to GAPDH) of COL3A1, Kim-1, P4HA2, VIM, TJP1, C3 and SMAD3 across clinical acute, chronic and acute-on-chronic diagnoses.

<p>Values are means ± SEM. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test.</p

Immunohistological localization of Kim-1, COL3A1 and VIM in frozen kidney sections undertaken on (A) biopsy negative for that gene by MT-PCR and (B) biopsy positive for that gene by MT-PCR.

<p>Arrows indicate positive staining within PTEC. A representative result from three donor experiments are shown (mag ×100). There is evidence of Kim-1 staining from the protainaceous material within the lumen of some proximal tubules and COL3A1 staining is evident both within PTEC and in the interstitium, adjacent to the basement membrane.</p

C3 log relative gene expression (normalised to GAPDH) from normal biopsies (Control) and biopsies with (A) overall cortical inflammation (OCI, 0 = absent, 1–2 = 5–25%, 3–4 = 26–>50%), (B) the presence of acute tubular injury and (C) proteinuria, defined using a urine protein to creatinine ratio (uPCR) (A = <100 mg/mmol, B = 100–299 mg/mmol, C = ≥300 mg/mmol).

<p>Values are means ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test.</p