Proportions of time spent looking at the matching screen (PTLM) and congruence preference.

<p>Panel a. depicts the average PTLM values. Error bars reflect one standard deviation from the mean. Panel b. shows the individual PTLM values for each language, and panel c. shows the preference for English congruent stimuli over Spanish congruent stimuli (PTLM English—PTLM Spanish).</p

Overview of the set-up for experiment 1 (a.) and 2 (b.).

<p>The location of the speaker and camera that recorded looking behavior are indicated by 'S', and 'C' respectively. In the dual-screen set-up in (a.), both visual speech streams were displayed on both screens (to ensure accurate timing) and one stream on each screen was masked by a dark piece of cardboard. The areas inside and surrounding the mouth are erased for display purposes only (to guarantee our actor's anonymity).</p

Proportions of time spent looking at the screen (PTL) and congruence preference.

<p>Panel a. depicts the average PTL values. Error bars reflect one standard deviation from the mean. Panel b. shows the individual congruence preference scores (PTL for congruent stimuli—PTL for incongruent stimuli), separately for English and Spanish audio.</p