Ethogram used for behavioural observations in phase 1.

<p>Adapted from references [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0163909#pone.0163909.ref036" target="_blank">36</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0163909#pone.0163909.ref049" target="_blank">49</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0163909#pone.0163909.ref051" target="_blank">51</a>].</p

Treatment groups in phase 2 of the study.

<p>Treatment groups in phase 2 of the study.</p

Average Action Unit RGS scores for treatments 2.1 (NaCl SC + sham surgery); 2.2 (NaCl IT + surgery); 2.3 (morphine SC + surgery) and 2.4 (morphine IT + surgery) over time (Solid line = median, box = 1^st and 3^rd quartiles, whiskers = minimum and maximum, ★,○ = Outliers).

<p>N = 28. <i>P</i>-values are indicated where differences are significant (<0.05).</p

Treatment groups in phase 1 of the study.

<p>Treatment groups in phase 1 of the study.</p

Mean frequencies for Composite Pain Behaviour (CPB) scores across treatments and time points.

<p>Data presented ± 2 standard error of the mean. N = 28. Significant differences (*) are explained in the text and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0163909#pone.0163909.t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a>.</p

Within-subjects comparison between post treatment time-points with baseline with associated <i>p</i>-values for differences where significance was found (phase 1 of the study).

<p>Differences are significant if p<0.05. AU: Action Unit; SC: Subcutaneous; IT: Intrathecal; ND: No significant difference.</p

Representation of mean duration or frequency of the most commonly observed behaviours in pain-free rats (1^st phase study) ± 2 standard error to the mean.

<p>N = 24, pooled data for treatment groups 1.1 to 1.4. There was no significant treatment effect between groups. <b>A</b>: significant decrease of rearing frequency over time (p<0.001); <b>B</b>: significant decrease of time spent walking over time (p<0.001); <b>C</b>: Time spent climbing is significantly higher at baseline than at any further time point (P = 0.036); <b>D:</b> significant increase of the time spent inactive (p = 0.001).</p

Composite Pain Behaviour scores and associated <i>p</i>-values for phase 2 of the study.

<p>Composite Pain Behaviour scores and associated <i>p</i>-values for phase 2 of the study.</p