Disarming charisma? Mayoralty, gender and power in Medellín, Colombia

The ‘Urban Century’ has seen a rise in power of cities, and the emergence of city mayors as significant political actors both nationally and globally. The power of city mayors, which unifies pragmatic, techno-managerial leadership with the authority and legitimacy of public office, invites a reappraisal of the gendered construction of power in the ‘Urban Century’, and the particular notions of hegemonic masculinity that city mayors recreate. This article explores the example of Medellín, Colombia, whose mayor Sergio Fajardo is widely regarded to have stewarded the city's rapid reduction in violence. Fajardo's leadership can be characterised as typical of the phenomenon of smart, cosmopolitan, charismatic mayors who are seen to respond professionally to local needs by making smart investment decisions and attracting international capital. The emergence of a techno-managerial mayor in the city of Medellín, which during the 1990s was the epicentre of Colombia's multi-faceted conflict with the highest homicide rate in the world, represents a fundamental change to the identity and gender of power in a context of violent conflict where legitimate authority in terms of a monopoly on the use of force, was fiercely disputed. I use this example to explore how mayoral power is gendered and how it relates to violence, which is central to liberal theories of leadership and the focus of the feminist critique of them. The possibility that such a character attain power indicates underlying changes in the gendered structure of political space, including the institution of a Sub-Secretariat for Women and formalisation of participation in political process

Fashion in Bolivia’s cultural economy

This article explores the development of Chola Paceña fashions in La Paz, Bolivia. It traces the social and political lineage of the distinctive pollera dress, and its role in traditions that continue to underpin Aymaran social networks and economies, while it is simultaneously becoming a symbol of their consumer power. Bolivian gross domestic product (GDP) has tripled since 2006, and this wealth has accumulated in the vast urban informal markets which are dominated by people of indigenous and mestizo descent. It is predictable that such a rise in consumption power should enable a burgeoning fashion industry. However, the femininities represented by the designs, the models and the designers place in sharp relief gendered and racialized constructions of value, and how the relationship between tradition, culture and economy has been configured in scholarly work on creative labour, which has been predominantly based on the experience of post-industrial cities in the global North

Ninguna ciudad común: Lo que la teoría urbana crítica puede aprender de La Paz (Bolivia)

Este artículo explora cómo la ciudad de La Paz ha cambiado a raíz del surgimiento de la "chola burguesía" en Bolivia –personas que trabajan en gran parte en el comercio informal y que han sido particularmente beneficiados por el triplicado del PIB de Bolivia durante el último diez años. El aumento de la riqueza en los mercados informales bien establecidos en La Paz ha sido tal que las familias cuya residencia y medios de subsistencia están basados en áreas marginadas de la ciudad ahora están invirtiendo en la propiedad en el lujoso barrio de la 'Zona Sur'. Este estudio de caso puede leerse como un ejemplo del fenómeno global de la gentrificación, aunque requiere una fuerte base empírica en las construcciones locales de clase, raza y pobreza. Sin embargo, argumento que una crítica más profunda de las teorías utilizadas para analizar los cambios urbanos son necesarios para captar las complejidades políticas, económicas y culturales de los cambios recientes en La Paz

Ninguna ciudad común: Lo que la teoría urbana crítica puede aprender de La Paz (Bolivia). = No ordinary city: What critical urban theory can learn from La Paz (Bolivia).

Este artículo explora cómo la ciudad de La Paz ha cambiado a raíz del surgimiento de la "chola burguesía" en Bolivia ?personas que trabajan en gran parte en el comercio informal y que han sido particularmente beneficiados por el triplicado del PIB de Bolivia durante el último diez años. El aumento de la riqueza en los mercados informales bien establecidos en La Paz ha sido tal que las familias cuya residencia y medios de subsistencia están basados en áreas marginadas de la ciudad ahora están invirtiendo en la propiedad en el lujoso barrio de la 'Zona Sur'. Este estudio de caso puede leerse como un ejemplo del fenómeno global de la gentrificación, aunque requiere una fuerte base empírica en las construcciones locales de clase, raza y pobreza. Sin embargo, argumento que una crítica más profunda de las teorías utilizadas para analizar los cambios urbanos son necesarios para captar las complejidades políticas, económicas y culturales de los cambios recientes en La Paz. This article explores how the city of La Paz has changed as a result of the emergence of the "chola bourgeoisie" in Bolivia - people who work largely in informal commerce and who have been particularly benefited by the triplicate of Bolivia's GDP during the last ten years. The increase in wealth in established informal markets in La Paz has been such that families whose residence and livelihoods are based in marginal areas of the city are now investing in property in the luxurious neighborhood of the 'Southern Zone'. This study case can be read as an example of the global phenomenon of gentrification, although it requires a strong empirical basis in the local constructions of class, race and poverty. However, I argue that a deeper critique of the theories used to analyze urban changes are necessary to capture the political, economic, and cultural complexities of recent changes in La Paz

Envisioning gender, indigeneity and urban change: the case of La Paz, Bolivia

La Paz, Bolivia, and its neighbouring city, El Alto, have been experiencing patterns of urban accumulation, dispossession and displacement that demonstrate the importance of social, cultural and historical logics to understanding the politics of urban space. A striking feature of these patterns is that the image of the person who has accumulated enough wealth to displace people, is that of an indigenous woman. The Aymaran woman, traditionally dressed in pollera skirt and Derby hat, who pays in cash for luxurious properties in the affluent, white area of the Zona Sur, is a trope that has entered popular culture and political discourse. In this article, I explore the development of this cultural trope from its emergence in the 2009 film named after the area in question, Zona Sur, and subsequent uses of images of this film in social media to describe and resist political changes in the city as related to space, property and belonging. My contention is that the trope of the rich Aymaran woman, and the reversal of expected patterns of urban development that she represents, places the colonial, cultural and gendered dynamics that structure how capital shapes urban space, into sharp relief. The rich Aymaran woman who has made her money in informal commerce transgresses ideas of propriety and belonging in La Paz, and also received ideas about urban processes and gender in critical geographical literature

Fashion in Bolivia’s cultural economy

In 2016, Bolivia’s indigenous fashions gained a place on the global stage. The Brazilian ambassador to La Paz hosted a catwalk show dedicated to the luxury designers who specialise in avant garde, high quality variations on the distinctive pollera outfit – the pleated skirt, derby hat, shawl and striking jewellery that have been definitive of indigenous identity in La Paz for centuries. In the same year New York fashion week featured, for the first time, a designer from Bolivia, Eliana Paco Paredes, who is also known for her elegant and luxurious pollera designs. This article explores the development of Chola Paceña fashions and traces its social and political lineage, and place in traditions that continue to underpin Aymaran social networks and economies, whilst also becoming a symbol of their consumer power. Bolivian GDP has tripled since 2006, and this wealth has accumulated in the vast urban informal markets which are dominated by people of indigenous and mestizo descent. It is predictable that such a rise in consumption power should enable a burgeoning fashion industry. However, the femininities represented by the designs, the models and the designers place in sharp relief gendered and racialized constructions of value and how the relationship between tradition, culture and economy, has configured in scholarly work on creative labour which has been predominantly based on the experience of post-industrial cities in the global North

Disarming charisma? Mayoralty, gender and power in Medellín, Colombia

The ‘Urban Century’ has seen a rise in power of cities, and the emergence of city mayors as significant political actors both nationally and globally. The power of city mayors, which unifies pragmatic, techno-managerial leadership with the authority and legitimacy of public office, invites a reappraisal of the gendered construction of power in the ‘Urban Century’, and the particular notions of hegemonic masculinity that city mayors recreate. This article explores the example of Medellín, Colombia, whose mayor Sergio Fajardo is widely regarded to have stewarded the city’s rapid reduction in violence. Fajardo’s leadership can be characterised as typical of the phenomenon of smart, cosmopolitan, charismatic mayors who are seen to respond professionally to local needs by making smart investment decisions and attracting international capital. The emergence of a techno-managerial mayor in the city of Medellín, which during the 1990s was the epicentre of Colombia’s multi-faceted conflict with the highest homicide rate in the world, represents a fundamental change to the identity and gender of power in a context of violent conflict where legitimate authority in terms of a monopoly on the use of force, was fiercely disputed. I use this example to explore how mayoral power is gendered and how it relates to violence, which is central to liberal theories of leadership and the focus of the feminist critique of them. The possibility that such a character attain power indicates underlying changes in the gendered nature of political space, including the institution of a Sub-Secretariat for Women and formalisation of participation in political process

Does gender matter? An analysis of men's and women's accounts of responding to symptoms of lung cancer

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Comparing the effectiveness of using generic and specific search terms in electronic databases to identify health outcomes for a systematic review: a prospective comparative study of literature search methods

<p>Objective: To compare the effectiveness of systematic review literature searches that use either generic or specific terms for health outcomes.</p> <p>Design Prospective comparative study of two electronic literature search strategies. The 'generic' search included general terms for health such as 'adolescent health', 'health status', 'morbidity', etc. The 'specific' search focused on terms for a range of specific illnesses, such as 'headache', 'epilepsy’, 'diabetes mellitus', etc.</p> <p>Data: sources The authors searched Medline, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO and the Education Resources Information Center for studies published in English between 1992 and April 2010.</p> <p>Main: outcome measures Number and proportion of studies included in the systematic review that were identified from each search.</p> <p>Results: The two searches tended to identify different studies. Of 41 studies included in the final review, only three (7%) were identified by both search strategies, 21 (51%) were identified by the generic search only and 17 (41%) were identified by the specific search only. 5 of the 41 studies were also identified through manual searching methods. Studies identified by the two ELS differed in terms of reported health outcomes, while each ELS uniquely identified some of the review's higher quality studies.</p> <p>Conclusions: Electronic literature searches (ELS) are a vital stage in conducting systematic reviews and therefore have an important role in attempts to inform and improve policy and practice with the best available evidence. While the use of both generic and specific health terms is conventional for many reviewers and information scientists, there are also reviews that rely solely on either generic or specific terms. Based on the findings, reliance on only the generic or specific approach could increase the risk of systematic reviews missing important evidence and, consequently, misinforming decision makers. However, future research should test the generalisability of these findings.</p&gt

Gendering the City: the lived experience of transforming cities, urban cultures and spaces of belonging

Debates centred on ‘planetary urbanisation’ have raised questions over the adequacy of existing theories and epistemologies to explain the quantitative and qualitative transformations of cities. However, this theorization of the urban has met with opposition from post-colonial and feminist researchers amongst others. The comparative, empirical research in this collection, from Bolivia, India and Turkey, highlights that the city remains an important analytical and concrete framework, demarcated by contingency and cultural change through which residents must navigate. In particular we focus on the specificity of women’s lives and their capacity to problematise universalist theory, documenting their interrogation of simplistic binaries such as modern/traditional; their innovative approaches to informal settlement, housing and markets; their production of urban knowledge in order to negotiate the city; and processes and practices of mobility, experimentation, risk taking and aspiration that contest or support a myriad of urban imaginaries. Whilst not rejecting the need for theories that allow comparative perspectives on cities, our conclusions underscore the importance of recognising the multiple logics that generate city space and urban cultures, and the consequent need to parochialise the empirical basis of theories that claim to be global in outreach