Private Sector Involvement in Bangsamoro Peace Agenda

For over 40 years, Bangsamoro territory has been the site of a number of armed resistance between different liberation fighters and the Philippine government. The private sector has nonetheless continued its operations inside the Bangsamoro society despite the unstable peace and order regime. This article explored the impact of a myriad of risk exposures to companies through interviews of four key-informants and the use of Business for Peace (B4P) paradigm. It particularly examined employee and community management mechanisms created in adapting to its dynamic security environment. The companies operated by working in and with the community, as well as assigning combatants to leadership roles. Understanding the local population’s grievance, contributing to their well-being by creating employment, and keeping a neutral position in the conflict are the measures identified through this study. As the 2014 peace deal involves the private sector as one of the stakeholders towards the realization of enduring peace, this research captures elements of intervention that can address grievances of the Moro community, particularly on historical injustice and the right to self-determination

Indigenous Self-determination based on Organised Distrust and Identity: Alternative Democracy in Cherán, Mexico

Cherán is an indigenous town in Mexico that followed a political system established by the Federal Constitution until 2011 when the negligence of the Mexican State to protect the town from organised crime led to a self-defence movement that expelled criminals and overthrew the local government structure. The movement achieved a milestone when the community achieved self-determination through a federal court ruling. The recognition of self-determination was just the beginning of the real challenge to implement a cultural and political project. Fieldwork was conducted in Cherán that utilised ethnographic research and interviews as methods to explore the function of the town’s governance. The findings showed that two crucial elements support the Cherán’s democracy and exercise of self-determination. First is organised distrust, in which any citizen could serve a watchdog function to exact accountability in the governance structure. This distrust prevents the concentration of power to a few elites and shares power to the citizens. Second is Cheran’s identity as an indigenous community, which is not limited to self-identification as a group with a set of values and beliefs, but also a valuable device to keep self-determination alive. Through the combination of three key concepts, namely, self-determination, organised distrust, and identity, this paper offers new insights on an alternative way of sustaining democracy that goes beyond elections

Development of thermal barrier coatings with excellent delamination resistant property by extreme internal oxidation

In Japan, the proportion of thermal power generation has increased since after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, accounting for approximately 85% in 2015. Compared to other power generations, thermal power plants have a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions relative to the amount of power generation. Therefore, it is an urgent task to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by improving the efficiency of thermal power plants. Increasing the turbine inlet gas temperature improves the efficiency of the gas turbine thermal power plants. However, high-temperature components, such as rotating blades, are close to their maximum service temperature. Therefore, application of the thermal barrier coating (TBC) on the turbine blade substrate is needed to protect a structure. The TBC system usually consists of ceramic top-coating (TC) and intermediate metallic bond-coating (BC) on a Ni-based superalloy substrate. To reduce the effect of the heat flux on the structure, heat resistant material, such as Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), is commonly used for TC layer. While, for BC, MCrAlY (M: Co and/or Ni) alloy is commonly used to protect the substrate from oxidation and corrosion, as well as to improve the bonding strength between the TC and the BC layers. However, delamination of the TBC can occur, because of significant thermal stresses generated when the coating cools down from high to room temperature. Therefore, improvement of TBC delamination resistance is indispensable. Delamination of the TBC is caused by the Thermally Grown Oxide (TGO) formed at the interface between TC and BC, because of the discrepancy in the thermal expansion coefficient between TGO and TC or BC. Therefore, the TBC formation control is important to improve the delamination resistance of TBC. Previously, authors have succeeded in improving the delamination resistance of TBC by adding cerium (Ce) to the CoNiCrAlY alloy as a BC which assist the formation of the inward TGO. The inward TGO reduces the thermal stress experienced by TBC through the formation of vertical cracks initiated by the inward TGO. However, the inward TGO only forms when the temperature is over 1100°C, which is higher than the substrate temperature during the gas turbine thermal power plants operation temperature. As a result of further research, authors have succeeded in reducing the inward TGO formation temperature to 1000ºC close to the actual use environment by adding ceria (CeO2) instead of Ce to the BC materials. In our studies, it was improved that the TBC delamination resistance thanks to the introduction of internal oxidation during BC formation using High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) technique. It was showed that internal oxidation introduced during the film formation proceeded sufficient inward oxide at high-temperature exposure (900°C) and exhibited high delamination resistance. Thus, adding CeO2 to the CoNiCrAlY alloy and introducing internal oxidation during BC formation is efficient to reduce the inward oxide formation temperature. However, when the inward oxide is introduced to BC, the internal oxidation might reduce the oxidation resistance of TBC system. In addition, oxidation and corrosion of the substrate can occur due to direct exposure to the combustion environment through vertical cracks. Therefore, it is needed to develop a new BC combining oxidation resistance and delamination resistance. Two-layer BC is considered. The first layer of the BC, located on the substrate side, has less internal oxidation and helps in the protection of the substrate. The second layer of the BC, located on the TC side, has a lot of internal oxides and improves the coating delamination resistance. Thus, it possible to develop TBC compatible with delamination resistance properties and substrate protection properties. The aim of our study is to improve the delamination resistance of TBC and develop TBC with reduced inward TGO formation temperature. For this purpose, TBC with CeO2 and ZrO2 added to the BC material were prepared. To perform TBC specimens with internal oxide in the BC, BC materials with several particle sizes and several BC spraying methods were used. The internal oxide amount and delamination resistant property of these TBC specimens were evaluated with SEM observation and four-point bending test. And also, the high-temperature oxidation behavior and the delamination resistance of TBC with two layers of BC, aiming to achieve both delamination resistance and substrate protection, were evaluated

Middle Powers as Stabilizers? An Analysis of South African Involvement in Conflict Resolution in the Democratic Republic of Congo

The fears and concerns about the future of the international order call for middle power cooperation and collaboration. Although the research on middle powers has increased, African middle powers are understudied. This study addresses this research gap by focusing on South Africa’s strategies in dealing with the Second Congo War. These strategies were analyzed using a framework that comprises material, normative and ideational considerations and led to two major findings. First, Pretoria has moved from Mandela’s non-intervention approach to a combination of soft and hard measures under Mbeki, making South Africa the principal peace negotiator and peacemaker in the conflict. A combination of factors such as efforts toward African revival, conformity to self-conceived roles, and other economic and material concerns explain this shift. Second, South African strategies under Mbeki were a combination of multilateral and bilateral initiatives. While the country has supported UN-led and regional efforts, it has also individually assisted the DRC in capacity building. Despite the skillfulness of its leaders in mediating the conflict, suspicions about South Africa’s intention and handling of regional crises are still a matter of concern. The country needs to reassure the skeptics to take heed of the global call for middle power coalitions

Cambodian Experience and Mindanao’s future

IPSHU English Research Report Series No.31 : 1st International symposium 2016 hosted by Institute for Peace Science, Hiroshima University , “Challenges for Peacebuilding in Asia“ , Editor: Institute for Peace Science, Hiroshima University (Responsible editor: Shinsuke TOMOTSUGU)Session 1 : Experiences in Peacebuilding in Asia Moderator：Tatsuo YAMAN

Biexciton binding energy in CuCl quantum dots

Induced absorption from the exciton state to the biexciton state was clearly observed under the site-selective excitation of the inhomogeneously broadened Z3 exciton band in CuCl microcrystallites embedded in NaCl crystals. This allows us to obtain the size-dependent biexciton binding energy in CuCl quantum dots. The binding energy of biexcitons increases with the decrease in their size and its size dependence and bulk value are well represented by the expression 78/a*2+52/a*+33 (meV), where a* is the effective radius of microcrystallites in a unit of nm. The experimental results are compared with an available theoretical result. The enhanced Coulomb interaction in microcrystallites still increases the biexciton binding energy in the large-size regime, where the quantum confinement energy of excitons is not considerable. The size-dependent biexciton binding energy cannot be explained by the weak-confinement model of biexcitons

原発性胆汁性肝硬変の動物モデルの作製: Methylene dianilineのマウスへの長期投与の検討

金沢大学医薬保健研究域医学系Methylene dianiline(MDA)を用いた原発性胆汁性肝硬変の動物モデルの作製I.予備実験1.投与量の決定肝内外の胆道系上皮に障害を惹起するMDAの最小有効量を決定するために,種々の濃度のMDAをマウス(BALB/c,雌,4週齢)に腹腔内投与し,検討した結果,至適投与量は20.0mg/kg(約0.4mg/mouse)であることが判明した.2.ヒトPDC-E2の合成及び精製米国カリフォルニア大学デービス校Gershwin教授より分与されたヒトPDC-E2のDNAを組み込んだ大腸菌を大量培養して,ヒトPDC-E2を発現させ,種々の操作により精製し,回収した.II.本実験予備実験で得られたMDA投与量をBAL/cマウスの(雌,4週齢)を用いて,一年間に渡る実験を遂行した.MDAは2カ月毎に腹腔内に投与し,また,ヒトPDC-E2の免疫は1カ月毎に施行した.コントロール群として,MDA不投与群,ヒトPDC-E2の代替としてウシ・アルブミンで免疫した群を設け,具体的には以下の4群に分けて実験を実施した.なお,各グループのマウスは2カ月毎に数匹ずつ犠死させ,臓器と血清を採取した.グループ1 MDA投与+ヒトPDC-E2免疫 グループ3 MDA不投与+ヒトPDC-E2免疫グループ2 MDA投与+ウシ・アルブミン免疫 グループ4 MDA不投与+ウシ・アルブミン免疫本実験を一年間に渡って遂行したが,ヒトPDC-E2を免疫したグループ群では血清学的にヒトPDC-E2に対する抗体が100%に頻度で産生されていることが示された.さらにマウスのPDC-E2に対する自己抗体も半数以上のマウスで出現することが判明した.ただし,肝臓の形態学的観察ではMDAの投与により一過性に胆管が障害されるものの,慢性胆管炎が遷延性に持続することはなかった.研究課題/領域番号:11770089, 研究期間(年度):1999 – 2000出典：「原発性胆汁性肝硬変の動物モデルの作製: Methylene dianilineのマウスへの長期投与の検討」研究成果報告書　課題番号11770089（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （ https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-11770089/ ）を加工して作

マウス胆道系上皮細胞の区分別培養法の確立

取得学位 : 博士（医学）, 学位授与番号 : 医博甲第1200号, 学位授与年月日：平成8年3月25日,学位授与年：199

1-Benzyl-3-methyl­imidazolium chloride 0.25-hydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C11H13N2 +·Cl−, contains two independent ion pairs and and half a solvent water mol­ecule (m site symmetry for the O atom). The imidazole ring is oriented at dihedral angles of 66.61 (3) and 89.17 (3)° with respect to the aromatic ring in the two cations. In the crystal, O—H⋯(O,Cl) hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking inter­actions between the imidazole ring of one mol­ecule and the aromatic ring of another [perpendicular distance = 3.4 (4) Å] link the mol­ecules