Zarządzanie wartością przedsiębiorstwa na przykładzie przedsiębiorstwa z branży budowlanej

<p>Poniższy raport przedstawia jedną z metod zarządzania wartością przedsiębiorstwa z branży budowlanej. Obliczenia dotyczące wyznaczenia zdyskontowanego przepływu pieniądza w przedsiębiorstwie opracowane zostały na podstawie danych za sprawozdania finansowego z roku 2010 oraz 2011.</p

Zarządzanie wartością przedsiębiorstwa na przykładzie przedsiębiorstwa z branży budowlanej

<p>Poniższy raport przedstawia jedną z metod zarządzania wartością przedsiębiorstwa z branży budowlanej. Obliczenia dotyczące wyznaczenia zdyskontowanego przepływu pieniądza w przedsiębiorstwie opracowane zostały na podstawie danych za sprawozdania finansowego z roku 2010 oraz 2011.</p

Zarządzanie ryzykiem w tworzeniu wartości na przykładzie przedsiębiorstwa z branży budowlanej

<p>Raport przedstawia analizę scenariuszy zastosowana na przykładzie przedsiębiorstwa z branż budowlanej. Jest to sposób zarządzania ryzykiem poprzez zastosowanie wartości bieżącej netto przedsiębiorstwa.</p

Neutrophils as a Source of Chitinases and Chitinase-Like Proteins in Type 2 Diabetes.

The pathophysiological role of human chitinases and chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) is not fully understood. We aimed to determine the levels of neutrophil-derived chitotriosidase (CHIT1), acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and chitinase 3-like protein 1 (YKL-40) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and verify their association with metabolic and clinical conditions of these patients.Neutrophils were obtained from the whole blood by gradient density centrifugation from 94 T2D patients and 40 control subjects. The activities of CHIT1 and AMCase as well as leukocyte elastase (LE) were measured fluorometrically and concentration of YKL-40 immunoenzymatically. Also, routine laboratory parameters in serum/plasma were determined by standard methods.The levels of all three examined proteins were about 2-times higher in diabetic patients in comparison to control subjects. They were significantly correlated with the activity of LE and increased progressively across tertiles of LE activity. Moreover, the activities of CHIT1 and AMCase were significantly correlated with each other. Metabolic compensation of diabetes did not influence the levels of these proteins. In the subgroup of patients with inflammatory evidence only YKL-40 concentration was significantly higher compared to those without inflammation. The highest levels of all three proteins were observed in patients with macroangiopathies. Insulin therapy was associated with lower levels of examined proteins.We revealed that neutrophils may be an important source of the increased levels of chitinases and CLPs in T2D, and these proteins may participate in inflammatory mechanisms in the course of the disease and consequent development of diabetic angiopathies

Levels of proteins from family 18 of glycosyl hydrolase in neutrophils of patients with type 2 diabetes and control subjects.

<p>CHIT1—chitotriosidase activity expressed in nmol/h/10⁶ cells, AMCase—acidic mammalianchitinase activity expressed in nmol/h/10⁶ cells, YKL-40—chitinase 3-like protein 1 concentration expressed in ng/10⁶ cells, T2D—type 2 diabetes; Data are presented as mean values ± standard error. On the y-axis appropriate units reflecting levels of examined proteins are indicated. The level of statistical significance of differences (<i>p</i> value) observed between T2D patients and the control group was evaluated by Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test.</p

Correlations of proteins from family 18 of glycosyl hydrolase (CHIT1, AMCase and YKL-40) and leukocyte elastase in neutrophils of patients with type 2 diabetes.

<p>CHIT1—chitotriosidase, AMCase—acidic mammalian chitinase,YKL-40—chitinase 3-like protein 1, LE—leukocyte elastase, statistical significance:</p><p>***—<i>p</i> <0.001,</p><p>*—<i>p</i> <0.05,</p><p>ns—not significant.</p><p>Correlations of proteins from family 18 of glycosyl hydrolase (CHIT1, AMCase and YKL-40) and leukocyte elastase in neutrophils of patients with type 2 diabetes.</p

Levels of proteins from family 18 of glycosyl hydrolase in neutrophils of patients with type 2 diabetes divided into different subgroups according to clinical recommendations of Polish Diabetes Association.

<p>CHIT1—chitotriosidase activity, AMCase—acidic mammalian chitinase activity, YKL-40—chitinase 3-like protein 1 concentration,</p><p>OAD—oral antidiabetic agents. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Criteria of patients' division are detailed in the Material and methods section. Statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> value) between subgroups of patients:</p><p>^a without inflammation vs. with inflammation <i>p</i> = 0.011.</p><p>^b1 micro- vs. macroangiopathies <i>p</i><0.001.</p><p>^b2 micro- vs. micro- and macroangiopathies <i>p</i> = 0.003.</p><p>^c1 micro- vs. macroangiopathies <i>p</i> = 0.038.</p><p>^c2 micro- vs. micro- and macroangiopathies <i>p</i> = 0.048.</p><p>^d1 insulin vs. OAD <i>p</i><0.001.</p><p>^d2 insulin vs. insulin with OAD <i>p</i><0.001.</p><p>^d3 OAD vs. insulin with OAD <i>p</i> = 0.004.</p><p>^e insulin vs. OAD <i>p</i> = 0.005.</p><p>Levels of proteins from family 18 of glycosyl hydrolase in neutrophils of patients with type 2 diabetes divided into different subgroups according to clinical recommendations of Polish Diabetes Association.</p

Levels of proteins from family 18 of glycosyl hydrolase in neutrophils of patients with type 2 diabetes in tertiles of increasing activity of leukocyte elastase.

<p>CHIT1—chitotriosidase activity expressed in nmol/h/10⁶ cells, AMCase—acidic mammalian chitinase activity expressed in nmol/h/10⁶ cells,YKL-40—chitinase 3-like protein 1 concentration expressed in ng/10⁶ cells,T1-T3—subgroups of patients divided according to tertiles of increasing activity of leukocyte elastase in neutrophils (for details see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0141730#sec006" target="_blank">Material and methods</a> section). On the y-axis appropriate units reflecting levels of examined proteins are indicated.</p