The effects of anthocyaninrich wheat diet on the oxidative status and behavior of rats

Aim To evaluate the effect of food containing anthocyanin- rich wheat on oxidative status and behavior of healthy rats. Methods Twenty male rats were divided into the control and anthocyanin group. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and proteinuria and creatinine clearance were measured. Behavioral analysis was performed in Phenotyper cages. Serum and tissues were collected to measure the markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Results Anthocyanins significantly increased total antioxidant capacity in serum (P = 0.039), decreased advanced oxidation protein products in the kidney (P = 0.002), but increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the kidney compared to the control group. No significant difference between the groups was found in the markers of oxidative stress in the liver and colon, as well as in renal functions and glucose metabolism. The anthocyanin group spent significantly less time in the spotlight zone of the Phenotyper cages (P = 0.040), indicating higher anxiety- like behavior. Conclusion Food containing anthocyanin-rich wheat had positive effects on serum antioxidant status and kidney protein oxidation, but increased lipid peroxidation in the kidney and modified animal behavior related to anxiety. The molecular mechanisms leading to observed effects should be further elucidated

Prenatal dietary load of Maillard reaction products combined with postnatal Coca-Cola drinking affects metabolic status of female Wistar rats.

AIM: To assess the impact of prenatal exposure to Maillard reaction products (MRPs) -rich diet and postnatal Coca-Cola consumption on metabolic status of female rats. Diet rich in MRPs and consumption of saccharose/fructose sweetened soft drinks is presumed to impose increased risk of development of cardiometabolic afflictions, such as obesity or insulin resistance. METHODS: At the first day of pregnancy, 9 female Wistar rats were randomized into two groups, pair-fed either with standard rat chow (MRP-) or MRPs-rich diet (MRP+). Offspring from each group of mothers was divided into two groups and given either water (Cola-) or Coca-Cola (Cola+) for drinking ad libitum for 18 days. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and circulating markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed. RESULTS: MRP+ groups had higher weight gain, significantly so in the MRP+/Cola- vs MRP-/Cola-. Both prenatal and postnatal intervention increased carboxymethyllysine levels and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity, both significantly higher in MRP+/Cola + than in MRP-/Cola-. Total antioxidant capacity was lower in MRP+ groups, with significant decrease in MRP+/Cola + vs MRP-/Cola+. Rats drinking Coca-Cola had higher insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, heart rate, advanced oxidation of protein products, triacylglycerols, and oxidative stress markers measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances compared to rats drinking water, with no visible effect of MRPs-rich diet. CONCLUSION: Metabolic status of rats was affected both by prenatal and postnatal dietary intervention. Our results suggest that combined effect of prenatal MRPs load and postnatal Coca-Cola drinking may play a role in development of metabolic disorders in later life

Potential of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Research: A Systematic Review

The diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is based on a behavioral analysis of the suspected individual. Despite intensive research, no specific and valid biomarker has been identified for ASD, but saliva, with its advantages such as non-invasive collection, could serve as a suitable alternative to other body fluids. As a source of nucleic acid of both human and microbial origin, protein and non-protein molecules, saliva offers a complex view on the current state of the organism. Additionally, the use of salivary markers seems to be less complicated not only for ASD screening but also for revealing the etiopathogenesis of ASD, since enrolling neurotypical counterparts willing to participate in studies may be more feasible. The aim of the presented review is to provide an overview of the current research performed on saliva in relation to ASD, mutual complementing, and discrepancies that result in difficulties applying the observed markers in clinical practice. We emphasize the methodological limitations of saliva collection and processing as well as the lack of information regarding ASD diagnosis, which is critically discussed

Blood Contamination in Saliva: Impact on the Measurement of Salivary Oxidative Stress Markers

Salivary oxidative stress markers represent a promising tool for monitoring of oral diseases. Saliva can often be contaminated by blood, especially in patients with periodontitis. The aim of our study was to examine the impact of blood contamination on the measurement of salivary oxidative stress markers. Saliva samples were collected from 10 healthy volunteers and were artificially contaminated with blood (final concentration 0.001–10%). Next, saliva was collected from 12 gingivitis and 10 control patients before and after dental hygiene treatment. Markers of oxidative stress were measured in all collected saliva samples. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and antioxidant status were changed in 1% blood-contaminated saliva. Salivary AOPP were increased in control and patients after dental treatment (by 45.7% and 34.1%, p<0.01). Salivary AGEs were decreased in patients after microinjury (by 69.3%, p<0.001). Salivary antioxidant status markers were decreased in both control and patients after dental treatment (p<0.05 and p<0.01). One % blood contamination biased concentrations of salivary oxidative stress markers. Saliva samples with 1% blood contamination are visibly discolored and can be excluded from analyses without any specific biochemic detection of blood constituents. Salivary markers of oxidative stress were significantly altered in blood-contaminated saliva in control and patients with gingivitis after dental hygiene treatment

Salivary creatinine and urea are higher in an experimental model of acute but not chronic renal disease

<div><p>Plasma creatinine and urea are commonly used markers of kidney function in both acute and chronic renal failure. The needed repeated blood collection is associated with pain, stress and might lead to infections. Saliva has the potential to be a non-invasive alternative diagnostic fluid. The use of saliva in clinical practice is limited, since many factors affect the concentration of salivary biomarkers. The aim of our study was to analyze salivary creatinine and urea in the animal models of acute and chronic renal disease. Bilateral nephrectomy and adenine nephropathy were induced in adult male mice. Both, plasma creatinine and urea were higher in animals with renal failure compared to controls. Salivary creatinine was higher by 81% and salivary urea by 43% in comparison to the control group, but only in animals with bilateral nephrectomy and not in adenine nephropathy. Our results indicate that the increase of salivary creatinine and urea depends on the experimental model of renal failure and its severity. Further studies are needed to monitor the dynamics of salivary markers of renal function and to reveal determinants of their variability.</p></div

Plasma and salivary concentrations of creatinine and urea in CKD.

<p>Concentration of plasma (A) creatinine and (B) urea, and salivary (C) creatinine and (D) urea after 3 weeks of CKD induction. Results are expressed as mean + SD. * denotes p<0.05 in comparison to control group (by Student’s unpaired t test, n = 15 for each group).</p

Correlation between plasma creatinine and urea and their salivary levels.

<p>Correlation between plasma creatinine and salivary creatinine levels in (A) control group (p>0.05) and (B) Adenine group (p>0.05). Correlation between plasma urea and salivary urea levels in (C) control group (p>0.05) and (D) Adenine group (p>0.05) (by Pearson’s correlation analysis).</p

Correlation between plasma creatinine and urea and their salivary levels.

<p>Correlation between plasma creatinine and salivary creatinine levels in (A) control group (p>0.05) and (B) BNX group (p<0.05). Correlation between plasma urea and salivary urea levels in (C) control group (p>0.05) and (D) BNX group (p<0.05) (by Pearson’s correlation analysis).</p

Plasma and salivary concentrations of creatinine and urea in AKI.

<p>Concentration of plasma (A) creatinine and (B) urea, and salivary (C) creatinine and (D) urea 24 hours after AKI induction. Results are expressed as mean + SD. * denotes p<0.05 and *** denotes p<0.001 in comparison to control group (by Student’s unpaired t test, n = 10 for each group).</p