Effect of Germination on Nutritional Composition and Functional Properties of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn) Seed Flour

This study evaluated the effect of germination on the chemical composition and functional properties of fenugreek seed flour. Germinated fenugreek flour had higher crude protein 29.89% in fenugreek flour germinated for 72h followed by 29.36% in fenugreek flour germinated for 48h and 27.42% in raw fenugreek flour. The crude fiber ranged from 11.349 to 14.70%. But as the time of germination increased the crude fiber content slightly decreased. Fenugreek flour germinated for 48h proved to be more beneficial in most mineral content than the rest of the germination periods (p<0.05). Germinated fenugreek flour for 72 hr   had significantly lower contents of anti-nutritional factors. The phytate content decreased significantly (p<0.05) from 64.22 to 18.99 with 53.96% reduction. The study showed that fenugreek flour germinated for 72h proved to be the best for highest nutrient content. The reduction of bulk density further increased as germination time increased. The control fenugreek flour have higher amount of water absorption capacity (401.86%). On germination the WAC decreased to 250.07, 248.13, and 245.15% at 24, 48,72h germination, respectively. The processed fenugreek flour had a higher oil absorption capacity in the range of 346.13-398.40 ml/g, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of control flour. Keywords: Anti-nutrients, Composition, Fenugreek, Germinate

Forms and contents of oxalate and calcium in some vegetables in Ethiopia

Abstract: Contents and forms of oxalate and calcium in some vegetables of Ethiopia were determined. On the average, the total oxalate content of spinach, swiss-chard and beet root were 9794,7554 and 222 mg/100g on dry weight basis, respectively. The other vegetables studied however , contained low level of oxalate. Two fractions of oxalate were isolated- a fraction soluble in boiling water and an associated (nsoluble residue which was predominantly in the form of calcium oxalate. The water-soluble oxalates of vegetables studied account for over 50% of the total oxalate. Most of the calcium in the vegetables was in the form .of calcium oxalate whirh is unlikely to be available to the body. Since the intake of vegetables cannot be discouraged, it is worthwhile to improve the nutritional value of these vegetables by reducing the water-soluble oxalates as it accounts for over 50% of the total oxalate content. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 1995;9(1):13-18

Land Use Land Cover Change and Its Implication on Surface Runoff: A Case Study of Baro River Basin in South Western Ethiopia

The Baro river basin in the south western Ethiopia is potentially rich in land and fresh water resources. But, the resource of this basin is highly under change starting since 1986. The main goal of this study was to analyse land use land cover change and its impact on surface runoff processes using Geographical information systems, remote sensing techniques and simple empirical formula runoff coefficient. The result revealed that a significant spatial temporal increment and decrement of different land use land cover types in area. The major causes of these land use land cover changes were massive resettlement/ population growth, over utilization of resources and expansion of commercial farming system. This dynamical change of land use land cover has implied effect on environment by degrading in the form of surface water variability. As a result, temporally analyzed potential surface runoff has increased from 37 to 49 percent in 1984 and 2001 respectively. Land use land cover change has not only disrupted ecological balance of the watershed but also increased surface runoff. Keywords: LULC, Surface runoff, GIS, Baro basi

Home delivery among antenatal care booked women in their last pregnancy and associated factors: community-based cross sectional study in Debremarkos town, North West Ethiopia, January 2016.

BACKGROUND: In Ethiopia, nearly half of the mothers who were booked for antenatal care, who supposed to have institutional delivery, gave home delivery nationally. Home delivery accounts majority while few of childbirth were attended by the skilled provider in Amhara regional state. This study aimed to determine the proportion of home delivery and associated factors among antenatal care booked women who gave childbirth in the past 1 year in Debremarkos Town, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A community-based Cross sectional study was conducted from January 1st- 25th 2016. Epi Info version 7 was used to determine a total sample size of 518 and simple random sampling procedure was employed. Data was collected through an interview by using pretested structured questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi Info version 7, cleaned and exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. A p-value less than or equals to 0.05 at 95% Confidence Intervals of odds ratio were taken as significance level in the multivariable model. RESULTS: A total of 127 (25.3%) women gave childbirth at home. Un-attending formal education (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 7.56, 95% CI: [3.28, 17.44]), absence of health facility within 30 min distance (AOR = 3.41, 95% CI: [1.42, 8.20]), not exposed to media (AOR = 4.46, 95% CI: [2.09, 9.49]), Unplanned pregnancy (AOR = 3.47, 95% CI [1.82, 6.61]), attending ANC at health post (AOR = 5.45, 95% CI: (1.21, 24.49) and health center (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI [1.29, 5.82]), perceived privacy during ANC (AOR = 3.69[1.25, 10.91]) and less than four times ANC visit (AOR = 5.04, 95% CI (2.30, 11.04]) were significantly associated with home delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Home delivery in this study was found to be low. Educational level, media exposure, geographic access to a health facility, Unplanned pregnancy, an institution where ANC was booked, perceived privacy during ANC and number of ANC visit were found to be determinants of home delivery. Health institutions, health professionals, policy makers, community leaders and all concerned with the planning and implementation of maternity care in Ethiopia need to consider these associations in implementing services and providing care, for pregnant women

Identification of spectral bands to detect nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies in winter wheat

Past research in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) showed the potential of spectral indices to detect winter wheat phosphorus (P) status although no specific indices were developed. An experiment was conducted at Perkins, OK in 2007/2009 to identify single or combined spectral indices that can detect nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as P independent of N deficiency in winter wheat. A randomized complete block design with three replications was employed. Treatments included twelve factorial combinations of three rates of P (0, 34 and 67 kg P ha-1) and four rates of N (0, 56,112,168 kg N ha-1). Four types of spectral radiance measurements were collected and these included a full bandwidth spectrometer (300nm to 1100nm), Greenseeker^TM sensor, New-experimental 4 band sensor, and digital pictures at four different winter wheat growth stages. Forage and grain yield were collected and measured. Forage and grain N and P as well as postharvest soil residual P contents were determined. Correlation analysis was used to test the relationship between spectral readings vs. forage and grain yield, and forage and grain N and P content of winter wheat. Similarly, stepwise regression procedure was used to select wavelengths and rations of wavelengths that can detect winter wheat N and P status. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to test the effect of N and P rates on several variables. Spectral reflectances at certain wavelengths were identified from spectrometer data and indices that can detect N and P status of winter wheat were developed. Spectral Phosphorus Indices: SPI1 and SPI2 were developed from 915 nm numerators to 455 nm denominators, and 865 nm numerators to 505 nm denominator wavelengths, each averaged from10 nm bandwidth, respectively were significantly correlated with winter wheat forage P status over the two-year study. Also, these indices were significant for forage N content. Reflectances at single wavelengths, each average from 10 nm band widths between 605 to 695 nm were detected forage P content at Feekes 10 in 2008 and Feekes 7 and 10 in 2009 while the reflectance at wavelengths from 455 to 715 nm and from 815 to 925 nm were consistently correlated with forage N content at the above mentioned growth stages. There was no index, except the promising result of picture index (R/G), that could detect winter wheat forage P content independent of forage N content using the above instruments in the two-year study. This was likely because 1) wavelengths that detect forage P content were found within the range of the wavelengths that can detect forage N status and, 2) Nitrogen rate affected crop biomass and resulted in forage P content dilution as the crop grows.Department of Plant and Soil Science

Evaluation of heterosis, maternal and reciprocal effects on different traits of Fayoumi and White Leghorn crossbreeds

Several studies were conducted on evaluation of heterosis, maternal and reciprocal-effects for different chicken breeds. However, there is a limited information on the heterosis, maternal and reciprocal-effect for crossbreed of Fayoumi and White Leghorn. Therefore; this study was designed to evaluate the heterosis, maternal and reciprocal effects on different traits for crossbreed of Fayoumi and White Leghorn from day-old to age at first egg. A total of six hundred chicks were selected,150 from each genotype and evaluated  simultaneously under the same management. The specific and general heterosis, maternal, and reciprocal effects were estimated for all traits. The heterosis of body weight ranged from 3.06 to 21.31% for the main and 1.35 to 14.89% the reciprocal crossbred, which is within the recommended range (-6.5-26.2%). The heterosis of weight gain ranged from -0.07 to 33.03%. The F1 of Fayoumi cocks and White Leghorn hens exhibited a higher positive heterotic recorded for the body weight at first egg. The main and reciprocal crossbreds had negative heterotic for age at first egg and lies within the recommended range of (-25 and 11.5 %). The effect of maternity on body weight was found to be more favorable at brooder age for Fayoumi breed while it was at grower age for White leghorn. Negative estimates were observed for maternal and reciprocal effects on body weight at day-old, 20 weeks, and age at first egg; weight gain at 8-12 and 16- 20 weeks; feed intake at 0-4 and 12-20 weeks; feed conversion efficiency at 0-8 and 16-20 weeks; and egg weight at first egg. Generally, this study concluded that the crosses between WLH hen and Fayoumi cock produced progenies that are more feed efficient and produced heavier eggs than their main crossbred. Keywords: Crossbreed; Fayoumi; Heterosis; Maternal; Reciprocal; White Leghor

Role of maternity waiting homes in the reduction of maternal death and stillbirth in developing countries and its contribution for maternal death reduction in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Every family expect to have a healthy mother and new born baby after pregnancy. Especially for parents, pregnancy is a time of great anticipation. Access to maternal and child health care insures safer pregnancy and its outcome. MWHs is one the strategy. The objective was to synthesize the best available evidence on effectiveness of maternity waiting homes on the reduction of maternal mortality and stillbirth in developing countries. METHODS: Before conducting this review non-occurrences of the same review is verified. To avoid introduction of bias because of errors, two independent reviewers appraised each article. Maternal death and stillbirth were the primary outcomes. Review Manager 5 were used to produce a random-effect meta-analysis. Grade Pro software were used to produce risk of bias summary and summary of findings. RESULT: In developing countries, maternity waiting homes users were 80% less likely to die than non-users (OR = 0. 20, 95% CI [0.08, 0.49]) and there was 73% less occurrence of stillbirth among users (OR = 0.27, 95% CI [0.09, 0.82]). In Ethiopia, there was a 91% reduction of maternal death among maternity waiting homes users unlike non-users (OR = 0.09, 95% CI [0.04, 0.19]) and it contributes to the reduction of 83% stillbirth unlike non-users (OR = 0.17, 95% CI [0.05, 0.58]). CONCLUSION: Maternity waiting home contributes more than 80% to the reduction of maternal death among users in developing countries and Ethiopia. Its contribution for reduction of stillbirth is good. More than 70% of stillbirth is reduced among the users of maternity waiting homes. In Ethiopia maternity waiting homes contributes to the reduction of more than two third of stillbirths

Uterine rupture among mothers admitted for obstetrics care and associated factors in referral hospitals of Amhara regional state, institution-based cross-sectional study, Northern Ethiopia, 2013-2017.

BACKGROUND: Maternal morbidity and mortality have been one of the most challenging health problems that concern the globe over the years. Uterine rupture is one of the peripartum complications, which cause nearly about one out of thirteen maternal deaths. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of uterine rupture among obstetric case in referral hospitals of Amhara Regional State, Northern Ethiopia. METHODS: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted from Dec 5-2017-Jan 5-2018 on uterine rupture. During the study randomly selected 750 charts were included by using simple random sampling method. Data were checked, coded and entered into Epi info version 7.2 and then exported to SPSS Version 20 for Analysis. Binary Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of uterine rupture and 95% Confidence Interval of odds ratio at p-value less than 0.05 was taken as a significance level. RESULT: The overall prevalence of uterine rupture was 16.68% (95% CI: 14%, 19.2%). Distance from health facility >10km (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.44; 95%CI:1.13,5.28), parity between II and IV (AOR = 7.26;95% (3.06,17.22)) and ≥V (AOR = 12.55;95% CI 3.64,43.20), laboring for >24hours(AO = 3.44; 95% CI:1.49,7.92), with referral paper(AOR = 2.94;95%CI:1.28,6.55) diagnosed with obstructed labor (AOR = 4.88;95%CI: 2.22,10.70), precipitated labor (AOR = 3.59;95%CI:1.10,11.77), destructive delivery (AOR = 5.18;95%: 1.22,20.08), No partograph (AOR = 5.21; 95% CI: 2.72,9.97), CPD(AOR = 4.08;95%CI:1.99,8.33), morbidly adherent placenta (AOR = 9.00;95%:2.46,27.11), gestational diabetic militias (AOR = 5.78; 95%CI:1. 12,20 .00 ), history of myomectomy(AOR = 5.00;95%CI:1.33,18.73), induction and augmentation of labor (AOR = 2.34;95%:1.15,4.72) obstetric procedure (AOR = 2.54;95%: 1.09,5.91), previous caesarian deliveries 4.90 (2.13,11.26) were found to be significantly associated with uterine rupture. CONCLUSION: This finding showed that the prevalence of uterine rupture is higher. A more vigilant approach to prevent prolonged and obstructed labor, use of partograph, quick referral to a well-equipped center and prevention of other obstetrics complications need to be focused on

Men's involvement in family planning service utilization among married men in Kondala district, western Ethiopia: a community-based comparative cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Men involvement is one of the important factors in family planning (FP) service utilization. Their limitation in the family planning program causes a decrease in service utilization as well as the discontinuation of the method which eventually leads to failure of the program. Family planning uptake is low but there is no enough study conducted on the parameters of husband involvement in Ethiopia. Hence, this study focused to assess men's involvement in family planning service utilization in Kondala district, western Ethiopia. METHODS: Community based comparative cross-sectional study design was employed in urban and rural kebeles of kondala district using quantitative and qualitative data collection tools. The multi-stage sampling method was employed to select 370 participants from each of the four urban and eight rural kebeles. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables that affect husbands' involvement in FP service utilization. Statistical significance was declared at p-value of < 0.05 with 95% confidence interval (CI) and strength of association was reported by odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: The study showed that 203(55.6%) men from urban and 178(48.8%) from rural were involved in FP service utilization. The median age of the respondents was 36+ 8.5 years (IQR: 27.5-44.5) in urban and 35 years (IQR: 25-45) in rural parts. Respondents who had four and above current children (AOR = 3.25, 95%CI = 1.51-7.02) in urban and (AOR = 4.20, 95%CI = 1.80-9.79) in rural were positively associated with men's involvement in FP service utilization. In the urban setting, being government employee (AOR = 2.58, 95%CI = 1.25-5.33), wishing less than two children (AOR = 3.08, 95%CI = 1.80-5.24) and having a better attitude towards FP methods (AOR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.16-2.99) were positively associated with FP service utilization. While good educational background (AOR = 2.13, 95%CI = 1.02-4.44), short distance from home to health facility (AOR = 2.29, 95%CI = 1.24-4.19) and having better knowledge (AOR = 4.49, 95%CI = 2.72-7.38) were positively associated with men involvement in FP service utilization in the rural area. CONCLUSION: Low involvement of men in family planning service utilization was reported in both settings. Factors associated with husbands' involvement were varied between the two setups, except for the current number of children. Future FP program should incorporate infrastructure associated with the health facility, knowledge, and attitudinal factors