3 research outputs found

    Description of invariant NKT cells.

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    Recently discovered subpopulations belonging to cell groups called “invariant” NKT, also referred to as type I NKT or classical NKT cells, appear to have a unique impact on the tumor microenvironment. Considering the characteristics of secreted cytokines, production of chemokines and the capability of cell cytotoxic activity, these cells have a significant function in being immune to bacteria, parasites, viruses, autoimmune and tumor diseases. The profile of secreted cytokine is probably decisive in reference to the distinct functions of the subpopulation, some of them exhibit immunosuppressive activity inhibiting an anticancer immune response, and the other stimulate the organisms for eradicating the tumor. Currently, it has been discovered six fundamental, functionally distinct subpopulations of iNKT cells (NKT1, NKT2, NKT10, NKT17, NKTreg, NKTFH).Recently discovered subpopulations belonging to cell groups called “invariant” NKT, also referred to as type I NKT or classical NKT cells, appear to have a unique impact on the tumor microenvironment. Considering the characteristics of secreted cytokines, production of chemokines and the capability of cell cytotoxic activity, these cells have a significant function in being immune to bacteria, parasites, viruses, autoimmune and tumor diseases. The profile of secreted cytokine is probably decisive in reference to the distinct functions of the subpopulation, some of them exhibit immunosuppressive activity inhibiting an anticancer immune response, and the other stimulate the organisms for eradicating the tumor. Currently, it has been discovered six fundamental, functionally distinct subpopulations of iNKT cells (NKT1, NKT2, NKT10, NKT17, NKTreg, NKTFH)

    Extramedullary plasmacytoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration and flow cytometry – case report

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    The case report presents a patient with multiple myeloma (IgA κ type stage IIIA Durie Salmon stage, with ISS3) diagnosed. The patient had a progressive disease in the direction of extramedullary plasmacytoma. The clinical problem during treatment was a different diagnosis by the histopathology result of tumour. The diagnostic fine needle biopsy was made. The samples were examined using the flow cytometry, which showed the presence of monoclonal plasma cells. The finding of a nodule composed of plasmacytoid cells is possible as a result of the cytometric analysis of outcomes obtained after FNA

    Innowacyjna terapia CAR-T w leczeniu nowotworów hematologicznych — wybrane aspekty genetyczne i immunologiczne

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    Genetic modification of T lymphocytes which can produce the expression of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has been used a novel option for the treatment of haematological malignancies. The results seem to be promising. Reprogrammed T cells recognize specific antigens on the surface of target cells, which in turn triggers their activation independently of MHC. Appropriate antigen selectivity and intracellular signalling facilitates killing cancer cells. The use of anti-CD19 CAR-T lymphocytes in the treatment of DLBCL and ALL has radically changed the way lymphoid neoplasms are treated, especially in patients who experience relapses or resist standard therapies. The genetic transduction involves not only CAR fusion protein modified by a retrovirus or lentivirus, but also costimulatory domains, suicide genes, and transgenes to produce additional effector molecules and CAR bispecific checkpoint inhibitors. Modern genetic engineering technologies such as TALEN or CRISPR/Cas9 are used to edit genes. Their goal is to improve the response rate and extend remission duration time, target new disease entities, reduce toxicity, and possibly create ‘universal CAR-T cells’. Potential mechanisms of CAR-T lymphocyte failure include tumor escaping from immune surveillance (e.g., by loss of CD19 expression), immunosuppressive microenvironment, depletion of CAR-T lymphocytes, or their decreased activity. This review also discusses potential toxicity and possible ways to prevent or treat dangerous or life-threatening adverse effects of the therapy.Terapia polegająca na genetycznej modyfikacji limfocytów T, która prowadzi do ekspresji chimerycznego receptora antygenu (CAR), stała się niedawno jednym z najbardziej obiecujących metod terapii nowotworów hematologicznych. Przeprogramowane limfocyty T rozpoznają określone antygeny na powierzchni komórek docelowych, co w konsekwencji wyzwala ich aktywację niezależną od MHC. Odpowiednia selektywność antygenowa i sygnalizacja wewnątrzkomórkowa wykorzystywana jest do zabijania komórek nowotworowych. Zastosowanie limfocytów CAR-T anty-CD19 w przypadku DLBCL oraz ALL radykalnie zmieniło sposób leczenia nowotworów limfoidalnych u pacjentów z nawrotem lub opornością na standardowe terapie. Transdukcja genetyczna obejmuje nie tylko białko fuzyjne CAR modyfikowane za pomocą retrowirusa lub lentiwirusa, ale także domeny kostymulujące, geny samobójcze, transgeny do produkcji dodatkowych cząsteczek efektorowych, bispecyficzne CAR oraz inhibitory punktów kontrolnych. Stosowane są również nowoczesne technologie inżynierii genetycznej do edycji genów, na przykład TALEN lub CRISPR/Cas9. Celem tych nowoczesnych technik jest zwiększenie odsetka odpowiedzi i wydłużenie czasu trwania remisji, ukierunkowanie terapii na nowe jednostki chorobowe, zmniejszenie toksyczności i stworzenie „uniwersalnych komórek CAR-T”. Potencjalne mechanizmy niepowodzenia terapii limfocytami CAR-T obejmują ucieczkę nowotworu spod nadzoru immunologicznego (np. poprzez utratę ekspresji CD19), immunosupresyjne mikrośrodowisko, wyczerpanie limfocytów CAR-T lub zmniejszenie ich aktywności. W pracy opisano również toksyczność CAR-T oraz potencjalne sposoby zapobiegania lub leczenia niebezpiecznych, czy zagrażających życiu zdarzeń niepożądanych
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