Enhanced remote areas communications: the missing scenario for 5G and beyond 5G networks

The next generation of mobile communication system will allow a plethora of new services and use cases. By offering support for high throughput connections, low latency response and massive number of connections, the fifth generation of the mobile network will trigger applications unseen in any other network. However, one important application scenario is not being properly addressed by the players responsible for the mobile networks' standardization, that is the remote and rural areas network. This scenario requires large cells with high throughput, flexibility to opportunistically exploit free bands below 1 GHz and spectrum agility to change the operational frequency when an incumbent is detected. Incipient actions are being considered for the Release 17 but based on the new radio specification as starting point. The limitations imposed by orthogonal waveforms in the physical layers hinder the exploitation of vacant TV channels in rural and remote areas. 5G-RANGE, a Brazil-Europe bilateral cooperation project, aims at conceiving, implementing and deploying an innovative mobile network, designed to provide reliable and cost-effective connection in these regions. This network can be seamlessly integrated with the other 5G scenarios, closing the connectivity gap between the urban, rural and remote areas. Hence, 5G-RANGE network is an interesting complementary solution for beyond 5G standards. This paper presents the major achievements of the 5G-RANGE project, from the design of the physical, medium access control and network layers, to the field demonstrations. The paper also covers the business models that can be used to make the deployment of this technology a reality.This work was supported in part by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant 777137 (5G-RANGE Project), in part by the Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Tecnologias Digitais para Informação e Comunicação /Rede Nacional de Pesquisa (CTIC/RNP)/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Informação e Comunicação (MCTIC) through the 4a. Chamada Coordenada Brazil Europe (BR-EU) em Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICS), and in part by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientí co e Tecnológico (CNPq)-Brazil under Grant 05085/2018-2. Computations were performed in part at the Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing at Technische Universität Dresden

Westminster Women: the Politics of Presence

The entry of the 1997 cohort of Labour women into public life offers a test case of whether, and under what conditions, women politicians have the capacity to ‘make a substantive difference’. We outlines the theory of the politics of presence and discuss how to operationalise this in a testable model. We, use the British Representation Study survey of 1,000 national politicians (including parliamentary candidates and elected Members of Parliament) conducted in the 2001 general election. The analysis centres on the impact of gender on five scales measuring attitudes and values on issues that commonly divide British party politics. Once we control for party, there are no significant differences among women and men politicians across the value scales concerning the free market economy, Europe, and moral traditionalism. Yet on the values most directly related to women's interests – namely the affirmative action and the gender equality scales – women and men politicians differ significantly within each party, even after controlling for other common social background variables that explain attitudes, such as their age, education, and income. The conclusion considers why these findings matter for the composition of parliament, the public policy agenda and for women's roles as political leaders

Gendering research in political science

The examination of feminist research on political representation, public policy, and political institutions indicates that a shift in emphasis from the dichotomous variable of sex to the concept of gender is taking place. The shift is incomplete partly because many feminists believe both concepts are necessary to good research design. While mainstream political scientists have become more willing to use sex as a background variable in their research, they have not come to terms with notions of gender, a reluctance that may cause them to make important mistakes in their analysis of politics. Gender is a concept that suggests another major reexamination of what we think about political life. Its implications are insistent and far-reaching, offering a productive means of understanding politics