A Compact 1:4 Lossless T-Junction Power Divider Using Open Complementary Split Ring Resonator

This paper presents the size miniaturized and harmonic suppressed lossless 1:4 T-junction unequal power divider using an open complementary split ring resonator (OCSRR). By embedding the OCSRR structure in the microstrip transmission line, slow wave effect is introduced and thereby size reduction is achieved. The dimensions of OCSRR are optimized to reduce the length of high impedance and low impedance quarter-wavelength transmission lines. In our design high impedance line length is reduced to 58.6%, and low impedance line length is reduced to 12% when compared to the conventional quarter wavelength lines. The proposed power divider is having small dimensions of 0.18 λg × 0.33 λg and is 51.94% smaller than the conventional unequal power divider

CARDIO PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF THE LEAVES OF ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS L. ON DAPHNIA MAGNA

Objective: To prescreen  the in vivo cardioprotective activity of the  leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus.L Family Moraceae  using  the model organism Daphnia magna along with preliminary phytochemical study and acute toxicity assessment.Method:  To evaluate the Cardioprotective effect of the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of A.heterophyllus (EAAH) in vivo on the lactose induced arrhythmic heart of the cladocerans  D.magna (Water flea) a novel model system for studying effects of agonists and toxins on cell signalling and ion channels in situ. Initially acute toxicity assessment, total phenolic content by UV spectral methods and ursolic acid content by HPTLC, trace elements by X-ray fluorescence were determined.Results: Normal mean heart beat of the D.magna at 200±2°C was found to be 191.4±1.4 beats/min (n=50).  Arrhythmia was induced by lactose (200mM) in the bathing medium.  The ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of A.heterophyllus (20, 40, 60, 80µg/ml) prevented the lactose induced arrhythmia in dose dependent manner. Previous assessment of toxicity showed LC50 5.88mg/L. Preliminary phytochemical screening of appropriate solvent extract of the leaves showed the presence of flavonoids, sterols, carbohydrates, proteins, tannins , phenolic compounds and absence of alkaloids, volatile oils, fixed oils, glycosides like anthroquinone,  cardiac, cyanogenetic and isothiocyanate. Total phenolic, ursolic acid content of EAAH was 376.5mg/g, 134mg/g respectively. High percentage of calcium, potassium was found in addition to traces of magnesium, sulphur, zinc, strontium, manganese, aluminium. Conclusion: Artocarpus heterophyllus L. (Jack fruit) has long been recognized and economically is of appreciable importance as a source of edible aggregate fruit. This study indicates that the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of A.heterophyllus possesses potential cardio protective activity on the lactose induced arrhythmia   of the Daphnia heart without any toxicity and mortality. It is assumed that this may be due to polyphenolic content, ursolic acid, trace elements like calcium, potassium, magnesium.  Further investigation requires confirming this activity.Keywords: Artocarpus heterophyllus, Moraceae, Cardioprotective, Daphnia magna, UrsolicacidÂ

Wound healing activity of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae) on ex-vivo porcine skin wound healing model

ABSTRACT Objective: To prescreen the ex- vivo wound healing activity of flavonoid rich fraction of ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Family Moraceae using porcine skin wound healing model (PSWHM) along with  phytochemical, XRF, HPTLC analysis. The aim of this present study is to provide pharmacological validation to the traditional claim for wound healing activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves. Method: Total phenolic content by UV spectral methods and ursolic acid content by HPTLC, trace elements by X-ray fluorescence were determined.  The wound healing effect of the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of A.heterophyllus (EAAH) was evaluated using ex- vivo porcine skin wound healing model - a novel organ culture model system for evaluation of drugs in cell-cell junction in the wound healing process. Results: Total phenolic content by UV method, HPTLC determination of ursolic acid content of EAAH was found to be 376.5mg/g GAE, 134mg/g respectively. XRF study showed the presence of calcium (39.4%), potassium (29.6%), magnesium (2.06%), Iron (0.99%), sulphur (1.83%), zinc (0.083%), strontium (0.23%), manganese (0.13%) and aluminium (0.005%).   Histopathological evaluation showed all treated wounds were sound with no signs of apoptosis, necrosis or bacterial contamination and no toxicity of the tested concentrations of EAAH of the leaves. Morphology of the wound margins, epidermis and dermis layer were found to be normal. Epidermal migration or keratinocyte migration distances from the edges of each wound were measured, normalized with the PBS control group and expressed as mean%. The result clearly showed EAAH (1.5%) promoted statistically significant wound healing effect is comparable to the standard drug Mupirocin. Conclusion: This study indicates that the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of A.heterophyllus possesses potential wound healing activity on ex-vivo porcine skin wound healing model. Wound healing activity of EAAH (leaves) may be due to its phenolic content (flavonoids), triterpenoids constituents especially ursolic acid. Both of them known to have astringent property which is responsible for wound contraction and increased rate of epithelialisation along with the supportive anti-microbial activity. More over trace elements like Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe) supports wound healing property as essential trace mineral are required for cellular growth and replication. This present investigation provides scientific evidence to ethnomedical use of A.heterophyllus leaves in wound healing activity. Our study showed significant enhancement of wound repair and therefore can be beneficially, safely used as auxiliary therapy in diabetic patient with foot ulcers in addition to the other available treatment as the leaves possesses scientifically validated traditional use in diabete