Clinical study of multi nodular goitre in a rural hospital

Background: Worldwide, nodular goitre remains a problem of enormous magnitude affecting no less than 5% of the population. Neither a well formulated nor a simple procedure is available for the management of MNG. Hence the need for the present study. The aim was to study the various modes of presentation, the distribution with respect to age and sex, the usefulness of FNAC, and the complications of surgery.Methods: This was a prospective study of 50 cases of MNG during the period between April 2012 and March 2014, in Chennai medical college hospital with an adequate follow up to look for post op complications.Results: Majority of the patients were females with an M:F ratio of 15:1,with the commonest age group being 31-40 years. All patients presented with swelling in front of the neck, with other complaints being that of pain, discomfort, and features of hyperthyroidism in 6 patients. FNAC was done in all patients and was found to be 100% accurate. Majority of the patients were treated with total thyroidectomy followed by subtotal thyroidectomy. Complications included wound infection, post op bleeding and RLN palsy.Conclusion: FNAC is an invaluable and highly accurate tool in the diagnosis of MNG. Surgery - Total thyroidectomy was found to be an adequate and safe treatment for non- toxic MNG with minimal complications.

Optimized cluster head selection using krill herd algorithm for wireless sensor network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) can perform transmission within themselves and examination is performed based on their range of frequency. It is quite difficult to recharge devises under adverse conditions. The main limitations are area of coverage, network’s lifetime and aggregating and scheduling. If the lifetime of a network should be prolonged, then it can become a success along with reliability of the data transferred, conservation of sensor and scalability. Through many research works, this challenge can be overcome which are being proposed and the network’s lifespan improved which can preserve the sensor’s energy. By schemes of clustering, a low overhead is provided and the resources are efficiently allocated thus increasing the ultimate consumption of energy and reducing interfaces within the sensor nodes. Challenges such as node deployment and energy-aware clustering can be considered as issues of optimization with regards to WSNs, along with data collection. An optimal solution can be gotten through evolutionary and SI algorithm, pertaining to Non-deterministic Polynomial (NP)-complete along with a number of techniques. In this work, Krill Herd Algorithm based clustering is proposed

Role of alcoholism in liver abscess

Background:This retrospective study was conducted on 108 patients to find the role of alcoholism in liver abscess. Methods:The present study was undertaken on patients both male and female admitted in surgical wards of Chennai medical college & hospital. 108 patients were taken up for the study from the surgical wards of the hospital over a period of 1½ year i.e., from January 2013 to June 2014.Results:The disease usually affects the males in the age group 25-55 years, alcoholism is found to be the chief predisposing factor. Following alcoholism, poor economic status & malnutrition also plays a vital role as predisposing factors in the formation of liver abscess. Among alcoholism also, consuming locally prepared alcohol plays a vital role, but the reason is still been unknown. Though Alcoholism is a predisposing factor, it has no role in the aetiology and the liver function tests also did not show much alteration. Improvement in radio diagnosis helps not only in diagnosis but also in the management. In complicated liver abscesses, the most common complication was found to be pleuropulmonary, followed by peritoneal and pericardial. With abscess remaining confined to the liver the case fatality rate is nil. Even in complicated cases, the case fatality rate is low. Comparison of the results of our study with various studies which are done all over the world are found be coinciding.Conclusion:From our study it was undoubtedly proved that alcoholism, mainly consuming locally prepared alcohol plays a major role as a predisposing factor for the formation of liver abscesses that is both amoebic as well as pyogenic liver abscess because of the adverse effects of alcohol over the Liver. It is also proven that Alcoholism is never an etiological factor for the formation of liver abscess.

EVALUATION OF PROTEIN RELEASE RATE FROM MYCOPROTEIN - FUSARIUM VENENATUM BY CELL DISRUPTION METHOD

Objective: Single cell protein based on mycoprotein is now extensively used as human and animal feed in various parts of the world. It is used because of the high nutrient content particularly protein and the supply of protein is an essential criteria of utilization of mycoprotein. The present study is about evaluation of protein release rate from mycoprotein - Fusarium venenatum by cell disruption method. Methods: Fusarium venenatum was cultivated in Vogel's mineral medium and the separated biomass was subjected to lyophilization followed by grinding and sonication under different time periods to release the protein. Liberated protein was estimated by Lowry's method and the protein release rate was determined. Results: Maximum protein release rate constant 0.680 min was recorded in grinding with sonication. Conclusion: Protein release rate from mycoprotein – Fusarium venenatum by cell disruption method is the useful study to determine the optimal utilization of nutrient factors supplied by the mycoprotein to the consumers.Further studies will be helpful to determine the release profile with suitable animal model

Ethno-Cultural Identity of Northeast India with Reference to Temsula Ao’s Select Poems

Northeast part of India is known for its ethnogenic significance which has many roots of civilization, and it is distinct from the other part of the country. Therefore, the culture of Northeast India faces tremendous challenges due to its vast ethnographic diversity. Temsula Ao, is one of the most widely read and studied women writers of North-East India. She has been the recipient of many awards including the Padma Shri in 2007 and the Sahitya Akademi award in 2013.  She is also a pioneer writer from Nagaland. The main aim of this study is to explore ethno-cultural aesthetics of the Northeast Indian region which exists in Temsula Ao’s poetry. For that purpose, fifteen of her poems are selected from her anthology titled Books of Songs. The select poems were analysed qualitatively.  This descriptive qualitative research methodology deals how Ao-Naga regional people know about human values, beliefs, behavious, and social conditions within their own environmental contexts. The major finding of this paper is in what way Temsula Ao revitalizes Ao-Naga culture and tradition by picturising her region, history and condition of women relating them with nature through her poems. Implications were identified for the people of diverse cultural backgrounds. And, it is concluded that the beauty of a region is retained by the people who have a staunch belief in their traditional cultural values and ethics

A Study of Clinical Spectrum of Post Phlebitic Leg

INTRODUCTION: Post thrombotic syndrome is a common complication of deep vein thrombosis of lower limb. Early recognition of high-risk patients is crucial to prevent development of PTS that can be achieved by maintaining vein patency after DVT. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted in Thanjavur medical college & hospital between the period of October 2017 - September 2019. The study includes patients presenting with complaints of lower limb pain, heaviness, altered sensation, skin discoloration, swelling admitted in surgical wards during the above-mentioned period. Detailed history was taken and a thorough physical examination was done. All details were recorded in the above mentioned proforma. The recorded details include patient’s particulars, symptoms & signs of PTS. All patients were subjected to USG Doppler / MRV / D- dimer and involved segments noted. RESULTS: 25 patients in the age group of 20-70 years were included in this study. Detailed history and physical examination were done for all the patients. Basic blood investigations were done. Doppler USG was done for all the patients to confirm the diagnosis and to find out the region affected. All patients were treated with anticoagulants. Mean age group was between 21-40 years. Most common in males. Most common site was found to be ILIO-FEMORAL & POPLITEAL SEGMENT VEIN. 60% patients had ulcers at the time of presentation. Severity of post thrombotic syndrome is as follows mild-12%, moderate-16%, severe-72%.40% patients are with BMI >30%. Complication like active bleeding is noted in 24%. Mean duration of PTS (in years) on the basis of severity was mild – 2.33 years, moderate – 5.5 years, severe – 4.5 years

Phytomediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles against microbial pathogens and cytotoxicity on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7)

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are synthesized from the root extract of the Abutilon indicum plant. Nitrate reductase enzyme and/or other extra cellular proteins released from the extract reduce the silver nitrate to silver ions. These proteins or enzymes serve as a template for the silver nucleation sites in the development of silver nanoparticles, and also act as capping agents, preventing silver ion agglomeration. XRD analysis predicts the phase of the nanoparticles. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope analyses have revealed that the synthesized AgNPs are spherical in shape, with an average size of 17 nm. From the data, it is noted that the protein molecules and fatty acids present in the root extract of Abutilon indicum, play a vital role in reducing silver salts and as capping AgNPs at various concentrations. Bactericidal activity acting against the clinical pathogens was performed, and it was observed that NP inhibition is highly dependent on their size and surface. Cytotoxic studies were carried out with these synthesized silver nanoparticles using MTT assay on MCF-7 cells

Phytomediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles against microbial pathogens and cytotoxicity on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7)

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are synthesized from the root extract of the Abutilon indicum plant. Nitrate reductase enzyme and/or other extra cellular proteins released from the extract reduce the silver nitrate to silver ions. These proteins or enzymes serve as a template for the silver nucleation sites in the development of silver nanoparticles, and also act as capping agents, preventing silver ion agglomeration. XRD analysis predicts the phase of the nanoparticles. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope analyses have revealed that the synthesized AgNPs are spherical in shape, with an average size of 17 nm. From the data, it is noted that the protein molecules and fatty acids present in the root extract of Abutilon indicum, play a vital role in reducing silver salts and as capping AgNPs at various concentrations. Bactericidal activity acting against the clinical pathogens was performed, and it was observed that NP inhibition is highly dependent on their size and surface. Cytotoxic studies were carried out with these synthesized silver nanoparticles using MTT assay on MCF-7 cells

Compare the Translucency of Zirconia Based Ceramics with Different Core and Veneer Thickness Combination: An In Vitro Study

OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the influence of core & veneer thickness on the translucency of zirconia based ceramics. 2. To study the effect of core & veneer thickness on color matching of zirconia based ceramics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study a total of 45 zirconia disc specimen (n=15) were fabricated with different core and veneer thickness and evaluated the translucency of zirconia disc, with vita easy shade spectrophotometer. To study the translucency of these zirconia disc on stained teeth with different test solution, six groups of test solution was used. The need for greater translucency or masking ability was identified according to the thickness of the core foundation material. RESULTS: The translucency of the restoration is best when there is a minimum thickness of (0.5mm+1.00mm) core and veneer is used. The color masking ability of the zirconia disc is superior for Orange II test solution followed by Alizarin red test solution and Tea test solution. CONCLUSION: The translucency of zirconia ceramics is determined by the specific microstructure of the material. For an overall restoration thickness of 1.5mm, the change in the thickness of zirconia based ceramic veneer is a major factor in determining the translucency of the restoration. The optical property of zirconia restorations helps clinicians to achieve better esthetic than with metal -ceramic restorations. This optical property of the restoration material is compromised when used for metal post and core, a discolored substrate, or a titanium implant abutment, to avoid this compromised esthetic situation the zirconia coping or a sufficient veneered porcelain can be used

Thermal mixing characteristics of flows in horizontal T-junctions

Thermal striping induced fatigue cracking incidents in the vicinity of a T-junction - where coolant streams at different temperatures mix together intensively - has been reported in several Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) and is considered a challenge to the safe operation of NPPs. The complex underlying turbulent flow behavior following the T-junction makes it difficult to monitor the extent of fatigue damage employing the surface thermocouple instrumentation. While there are isolated guidelines issued by regulatory bodies on how to approach the issue, no general consensus exists internationally regarding the fatigue assessment approach induced by such incidents. The existing literature predominantly contains T-junction mixing experiments where the temperature difference (∆T) between the fluids is lower in relation to the ∆Ts experienced in NPPs. Experiments carried out at realistic ∆T between the fluids, on the other hand, lack detailed numerical studies analyzing the different aspects of the flow mixing behavior. This work deals with the coupled experimental and numerical studies of flow mixing occurring in a horizontal T-junction piping from a thermal-hydraulic standpoint. The chosen range of temperature difference (∆T) between the mixing fluids lie between 60 °C and 240 °C which is highly representative of operating temperatures encountered in an NPP. Experiments have been conducted at the horizontally aligned Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) test loop at the University of Stuttgart using deionized water as the working fluid. Numerical studies were performed using the large-eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model to capture the T-junction mixing flow behavior in greater detail using the ANSYS CFX solver. The observed mixing behavior could be summarized as follows: Thermally stratified flow behavior is observed in all the investigated cases with (i) an oscillating flow at lower ∆T ( 140 °C) where buoyant forces significantly come into play. Hot flow penetration into the cold branch and vice versa occurs at higher ∆T (> 140 °C) resulting in the partial mixing of fluids even before they converge at the T-junction. Results from the study reveal that significant thermal gradients exist near the stratification layer, a potential region of high amplitude thermal fluctuations (a factor in thermal fatigue analysis). Frequency analyses of thermal fluctuations using the power spectral density (PSD) method highlight the absence of any specific dominant frequency (spectral peak) in the thermal fatigue relevant frequency range of 0.1 - 10 Hz. Comparison of measurement data and LES predictions exhibits very good agreement with one another highlighting the utility of LES as a useful tool in nuclear safety based research. In addition, LES calculations to analyze the flow mixing scenario at inflow conditions that could not be presently realized at the FSI test facility (e.g. higher branch velocity) were also performed in the present study. With rise in branch velocities, the flow nature changes from an unstably stratified flow to a completely mixed flow at lower ∆T ( 140 °C) between the fluids, a transition from a stably stratified flow to an unstably stratified flow is observed