Mapping of Compositional Diversity and Chronological Ages of Lunar Farside Multiring Mare Moscoviense Basin: Implications to the Middle Imbrian Mare Basalts

The Mare Moscoviense is an astonishing rare flatland multi-ring basin and one of the recognizable mare regions on the Moon’s farside. The mineralogical, chronological, topographical and morphological studies of the maria surface of the Moon provide a primary understanding of the origin and evolution of the mare provinces. In this study, the Chandrayaan-1 M3 data have been employed to prepare optical maturity index, FeO and TiO2 concentration, and standard band ratio map to detect the mafic indexes like olivine and pyroxene minerals. The crater size frequency distribution method has been applied to LROC WAC data to obtain the absolute model ages of the Moscoviense basin. The four geological unit ages were observed as 3.57 Ga (U-2), 3.65 Ga (U-1), 3.8 Ga (U-3) and 3.92 Ga (U-4), which could have been formed between the Imbrian and Nectarian epochs. The M3 imaging and reflectance spectral parameters were used to reveal the minerals like pyroxene, olivine, ilmenite, plagioclase, orthopyroxene-olivine-spinel lithology, and olivine-pyroxene mixtures present in the gabbroic basalt, anorthositic and massive ilmenite rocks, and validated with the existing database. The results show that the Moscoviense basin is dominated by intermediate TiO2 basalts that derived from olivine-ilmenite-pyroxene cumulate depths ranging from 200 to 500 km between 3.5 Ga and 3.6 Ga

Efficient Secure For Tracking Based Text Detection and Recognition from Web Videos

Sensor nodes forming a network and using wireless communications are highly useful in a variety of applications including battle field (military) surveillance, building security, medical and health services, environmental monitoring in harsh conditions, for scientific investigations on other planets, etc. But these wireless sensors are resource constricted: limited power supply, bandwidth for communication, processing speed, and memory space. One possible way of achieve maximum utilization of those constrained resource is applying signal processing and compressing the sensor readings. Usually, processing data consumes much less power than transmitting data in wireless medium, so it is effective to apply data compression by trading computation for communication before transmitting data for reducing total power consumption by a sensor node. However the existing state of the art compression algorithms are not suitable for wireless sensor nodes due to their limited resource.Therefore there is a need to design signal processing (compression) algorithms considering the resource constraint of wireless sensors. In our work, we designed a lightweight codec system aiming surveillance as a target application. In designing the codec system, we have proposed new design ideas and also tweak the existing encoding algorithms to fit the target application. Also during data transmission among sensors and between sensors and base station, the data has to be secured. We have addressed some security issues by assessing the security of wavelet tree shuffling as the only security mechanism

Prospective Study of functional outcome analysis of mini external fixator in short long bones

AIM OF THE STUDY : To evaluate the functional outcome of mini external fixator in short long bones of hand and foot. MATERIALS AND METHODS : This is a prospective study of 120 patients carried out in the Department of Orthopaedics ,Tirunelveli Medical College Hospital,Tirunelveli from August 2013 to August 2015 .The study includes both closed and open metacarpal and phalangeal fractures of hand,both closed and open metatarsal and phalangeal fractures of foot.The study excludes fractures with associated vascular injury. Closed fractures of hand are evaluated with radiographs and either open or closed reduction with external fixation done under fluoroscopic guidance.Mean operative time is 25 minutes. Finger mobilization and wrist mobilization exercises started from day 1.Patients are followed up at weekly interval for 8 weeks. External fixator are removed at an average period of 23 days .Functional outcome in hand fractures is analysed using DUNCAN score at the end of 6 weeks.Functional outcome in fractures of foot are analysed using Foot Ankle Disability Index(FADI) at 8 weeks. OBSERVATION OF THE STUDY : In our study hand fractures constitutes 76.6%,fractures of foot constitutes 23.3%.Among hand fractures ,closed fractures constitutes 58.7% and compound fractures constitutes 41.3%. Among the closed fractures of hand,metacarpal fractures of hand constitutes 51.9%,phalangeal fractures constitutes 40.7%,both are involved in 7.4%.Among the compound fractures of hand,metacarpal fractures includes 31.6%,phalangeal fractures includes 47.4%,both are involved in 21%. Among fractures of foot,closed fractures constitutes 57.1%,open fractures constitutes 42.9%.Among the closed fractures of foot, metatarsal fractures constitutes 50%,phalangeal fractures includes 37.5%,both are involved in 12.5%.Among the compound fractures of foot, metatarsal fractures constitutes 16.7%,phalangeal fractures includes 33.3%,both are involved in 50%. Complications landed in our study are pin site loosening, infection ,skin complications,deformity and tendon impingement RESULTS: Functional outcome among fractures of hand are analysed using DUNCAN ‘S score at 6 weeks. Results are excellent in 57.5% ,good in 25%,fair in 12.5%,poor in 5% among fractures involving metacarpals.Excellent in 52.5%,good in 30%,fair in 10%,poor in 7.5%among fractures involving phalanges.Excellent in 33.3%,good in 25%,fair in 25%,poor in 16.6% among fractures involving both metacarpals and phalanges. Functional outcome among fractures of foot are analysed using FADI score. Results obtained are excellent to good in majority of patients. DISCUSSION : Most of the fractures of miniature bones are treated conservatively. Open reduction and internal fixation is performed for unstable fractures for absolute stability,thereby promoting early union and movement of joints. But open reduction and internal fixation cannot be achieved in all cases due to nature of injury. Also open reduction and internal fixation requires additional soft tissue stripping which sometimes hinders union or leads to adhesion preventing active movement of digits. In our study, mini external fixator is applied to all types of fractures ,both closed and compound fractures of hand and foot except those associated with vascular injury .External fixator avoids additional injury to the soft tissue. It also promotes wound healing in case of compound fractures.Operative technique is simple with the use of image intensifier. The results obtained in our study is better than the study conducted in 33 patients that includes 29 phalangeal and seven metacarpal fractures J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1998;80-B:227-30. Received 7 July 1997; Accepted after revision 10 November 1997, where the study group is small.Excellent to good results are obtained in 82.5% of patients with metacarpal and phalangeal fractures which is far better than 69% and 71.4% with phalangeal and metacarpal fractures respectively,obtained in the above mentioned study. In our study involving 28 patients involving fractures of metatarsals and phalanges of foot, functional outcome is analysed using FADI (Foot Ankle Disability Index). Closed and compound fractures are almost equal in frequency. Distribution of fractures in foot cannot be determined with this small patient group.FADI is questionnaire measuring patient’s functional ability after intervention. Results are excellent to good in majority of patients treated with external fixator especially compound fractures. CONCLUSION: Mini External fixator is one of the ideal treatment modality in the management of fractures of short long bones especially in open fractures ,communited fractures,intraarticular fractures, fractures with bone loss. Mini external fixator helps in preservation of movements and gives best functional results by providing stable fixation .Simple surgical technique will minimize complications and an aggressive rehabilitation regime will ensure the best possible result. In general ,mini external fixator is a alternative treatment for management of fractures of miniature long bones especially in certain situations with best functional outcome

3′-UTR SNP rs2229611 in G6PC1 affects mRNA stability, expression and Glycogen Storage Disease type-Ia risk

The frequency of rs2229611, previously reported in Chinese, Caucasians, Japanese and Hispanics, was investigated for the first time in Indian ethnicity. We analyzed its role in the progression of Glycogen Storage Disease type-Ia (GSD-Ia) and breast cancer. Genotype data on rs2229611 revealed that the risk of GSD-Ia was higher (P = 0.0195) with CC compared to TT/TC genotypes, whereas no such correlation was observed with breast cancer cases. We observed a strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) among rs2229611 and other disease causing G6PC1 variants (| D′| = 1, r2 = 1). Functional validation performed in HepG2 cells using luciferase constructs showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in expression than wild-type 3′-UTR due to curtailed mRNA stability. Furthermore, AU-rich elements (AREs) mediated regulation of G6PC1 expression characterized using 3′-UTR deletion constructs showed a prominent decrease in mRNA stability. We then examined whether miRNAs are involved in controlling G6PC1 expression using pmirGLO-UTR constructs, with evidence of more distinct inhibition in the reporter function with rs2229611. These data suggests that rs2229611 is a crucial regulatory SNP which in homozygous state leads to a more aggressive disease phenotype in GSD-Ia patients. The implication of this result is significant in predicting disease onset, progression and response to disease modifying treatments in patients with GSD-Ia

Adaptive regulation of riboflavin transport in heart: effect of dietary riboflavin deficiency in cardiovascular pathogenesis

Deficiency or defective transport of riboflavin (RF) is known to cause neurological disorders, cataract, cardiovascular anomalies, and various cancers by altering the biochemical pathways. Mechanisms and regulation of RF uptake process is well characterized in the cells of intestine, liver, kidney, and brain origin, while very little is known in the heart. Hence, we aimed to understand the expression and regulation of RF transporters (rRFVT-1 and rRFVT-2) in cardiomyocytes during RF deficiency and also investigated the role of RF in ischemic cardiomyopathy and mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo. Riboflavin uptake assay revealed that RF transport in H9C2 is (1) significantly higher at pH 7.5, (2) independent of Na+ and (3) saturable with a Km of 3.746 µM. For in vivo studies, male Wistar rats (110–130 g) were provided riboflavin deficient food containing 0.3 ± 0.05 mg/kg riboflavin for 7 weeks, which resulted in over expression of both RFVTs in mRNA and protein level. RF deprivation resulted in the accumulation of cardiac biomarkers, histopathological abnormalities, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential which evidenced the key role of RF in the development of cardiovascular pathogenesis. Besides, adaptive regulation of RF transporters upon RF deficiency signifies that RFVTs can be considered as an effective delivery system for drugs against cardiac diseases

Novel ALDH3A2 mutations in structural and functional domains of FALDH causing diverse clinical phenotypes in Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome patients

Mutations in ALDH3A2 cause Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome (SLS), a neuro-ichthyotic condition that is caused by deficiency of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH). We screened for novel mutations causing SLS among Indian ethnicity, characterized the identified mutations in silico and in vitro; and retrospectively evaluated their role in phenotypic heterogeneity. Interestingly, asymmetric distribution of non-classical traits was observed in our cases. Nerve conduction studies suggested intrinsic-minus-claw hands in two siblings, a novel neurological phenotype to SLS. Genetic testing revealed 5 novel homozygous ALDH3A2 mutations in six cases: Case-1-NM_000382.2:c.50C>A, NP_000373.1:p.(Ser17Ter); Case-2-NM_000382.2:c.199G>T, NP_000373.1:p.(Glu67Ter); Case-3-NM_000382.2:c.1208G>A, NP_000373.1:p.(Gly403Asp); Case-4-NM_000382.2:c.1325C>T, NP_000373.1:p.(Pro442Leu); Case-5&6-NM_000382.2:c.1349G>A, NP_000373.1:p.(Trp450Ter). The mutations identified were predicted to be pathogenic and disrupts the functional domains of the FALDH. p.(Pro442Leu) at the C-terminal α-helix, might impair substrate gating process. Mammalian expression studies with exon-9 mutants confirmed the profound reduction in the enzyme activity. Diminished aldehyde oxidizing activity was observed with cases-2&3. Cases-2 & 3 showed epidermal hyperplasia with mild intracellular edema, spongiosis, hypergranulosis, and perivascular-interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate and a leaky eosinophilic epidermis. The presence of keratin-milia like lipid vacuoles implies defective lamellar secretion with p.(Gly403Asp). This study improves our understanding of the clinical and mutational diversity in SLS, which might help to fast-track diagnostic and therapeutic interventions of this debilitating disorder. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Fabrication of Nd3+ and Yb3+ doped NIR emitting nano fluorescent probe: A candidate for bioimaging applications

The intentional design of rare earth doped luminescent architecture exhibits unique optical properties and it can be considered as a promising and potential probe for optical imaging applications. Calcium fluoride (CaF2) nanoparticles doped with optimum concentration of Nd3+ and Yb3+ as sensitizer and activator, respectively, were synthesized by wet precipitation method and characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence. In spite of the fact that the energy transfer takes place from Nd3+ to Yb3+, the luminescence intensity was found to be weak due to the lattice defects generated from the doping of trivalent cations (Nd3+ and Yb3+) for divalent host cations (Ca2+). These defect centres were tailored via charge compensation approach by co-doping Na+ ion and by optimizing its concentration and heat treatment duration. CaF2 doped with 5 mol% Nd3+, 3 mol% Yb3+ and 4 mol% Na+ after heat treatment for 2 h exhibited significantly enhanced emission intensity and life time. The ex vivo fluorescence imaging experiment was done at various thickness of chicken breast tissue. The maximum theoretical depth penetration of the NIR light was calculated and the value is 14 mm. The fabricated phosphor can serve as contrast agent for deep tissue near infrared (NIR) light imaging

The influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol used for pain control of orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to perform a systematic literature review to determine if there is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that interferes less within tooth movement. This research was performed according to the PRISMA statement. Articles were searched in eight electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO, Google Scholar, and Open Grey). Only experimental studies on male Wistar rats were selected, which included experiments related to the influence of NSAIDs on orthodontic movement. Studies in animals with pathological conditions, literature review articles, letters to the editor and/or editorials, case reports, abstracts, books, and book chapters were excluded. Each of the steps of this systematic literature review was performed by two examiners independently. Results: the total sample consisted of 505 articles, from which 6 studies were eligible after a qualitative analysis. From the drugs assessed, paracetamol was unanimous for not interfering within orthodontic movement when compared to the control group. However, drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, sodium diclofenac, and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors caused a reduction in tooth movement when compared to the control group. Conclusion: paracetamol could be considered the drug of choice for pain relief because it interferes less within tooth movement

Dynamical complexity of short and noisy time series: Compression-Complexity vs. Shannon entropy

Shannon entropy has been extensively used for characteriz- ing complexity of time series arising from chaotic dynamical systems and stochastic processes such as Markov chains. However, for short and noisy time series, Shannon entropy performs poorly. Complexity measures which are based on lossless compression algorithms are a good substitute in such scenarios. We evaluate the performance of two such Compression-Complexity Measures namely Lempel-Ziv complexity(LZ)andEffort-To-Compress( ETC)onshorttimeseriesfrom chaoticdynamicalsystemsinthepresenceofnoise.Both LZ and ETC outperform Shannon entropy (H) in accurately characterizing the dynamical complexity of such systems. For very short binary sequences (which arise in neuroscience applications), ETC has higher number of distinct complexity values than LZ and H, thus enabling a finer resolution. For two-state ergodic Markov chains, we empirically show that ETC converges to a steady state value faster than LZ. Compression-Complexity measures are promising for applications which involve short and noisy time series