Effects of Probiotics Supplementation on Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

This study examines the effectiveness of probiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, the gut barrier function, and inflammatory markers in athletes based on data from randomised controlled trials. Searches were conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science up to October 2021. The protocol for this review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021284938). Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts to identify articles on the influence of probiotics or symbiotics on GI symptoms, gut barrier function, and cytokines, and the quality of the studies was assessed using RoB2. Ten articles involving 822 athletes were included in this review. A single strain Lactobacillus bacteria was used in three studies, seven studies used a Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium multi-strain cocktail, and one study used this cocktail with a prebiotic. Only slight evidence was found for a positive effect of probiotics on GI symptoms in athletes during training, exercise, and competition, so it was not possible to identify the best product for managing GI symptoms in athletes. Due to the small number of studies, it was also difficult to find a direct association between the reduced exercise-induced perturbations in cytokines, gut barrier function, and GI symptoms after probiotic supplementation

Kontrola regulowanej działalności gospodarczej jako płaszczyzna współdziałania organów samorządowych i przedsiębiorców

CONTROL OF A REGULATED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AS A SPHERE OF COOPERATION BETWEEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS AND ENTREPRENEURSThe cooperation of a public and a private sector of economy is multifaceted and carried out by means of various activities. Local government has anumber of tasks important to the local community. Some of them also refer to the economic activity undertaken by private entities. Besides the classic law constructions, such as public-private partnership, cooperation also manifests itself in less typical forms. One of them will be acontrol, exercised by competent public authority of entrepreneurs performing aparticular type of economic activity recognized as regulated economic activity, inter alia at the stage of implementation of control recommendations applied to entrepreneurs. Given the extremely limited nature of control at the stage of undertaking regulated economic activity, exercising it along the activity is of great importance not only for both the entrepreneur and the controlling authority, but also for those whose needs the entrepreneur seeks to meet. Control activities should not be seen only as a sanction associated with the ability to limit, revoke permissions or the use of other administrative sanctions but also as aspecific kind of cooperation between controlling bodies and controlled entities to ensure legality of the activities. Indicated cases concern the work of the basic units of local government — municipalities. Moreover, the activities of running the nursery or children’s club and the collection of municipal waste from property owners are important from the point of view of residents and their needs of afundamental nature. Thus, this study focuses on the legal relationship at the control stage between the relevant local government bodies and entrepreneurs, operating in the field of municipal services by performing regulated economic activity.CONTROL OF A REGULATED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AS A SPHERE OF COOPERATION BETWEEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS AND ENTREPRENEURSThe cooperation of a public and a private sector of economy is multifaceted and carried out by means of various activities. Local government has anumber of tasks important to the local community. Some of them also refer to the economic activity undertaken by private entities. Besides the classic law constructions, such as public-private partnership, cooperation also manifests itself in less typical forms. One of them will be acontrol, exercised by competent public authority of entrepreneurs performing aparticular type of economic activity recognized as regulated economic activity, inter alia at the stage of implementation of control recommendations applied to entrepreneurs. Given the extremely limited nature of control at the stage of undertaking regulated economic activity, exercising it along the activity is of great importance not only for both the entrepreneur and the controlling authority, but also for those whose needs the entrepreneur seeks to meet. Control activities should not be seen only as a sanction associated with the ability to limit, revoke permissions or the use of other administrative sanctions but also as aspecific kind of cooperation between controlling bodies and controlled entities to ensure legality of the activities. Indicated cases concern the work of the basic units of local government — municipalities. Moreover, the activities of running the nursery or children’s club and the collection of municipal waste from property owners are important from the point of view of residents and their needs of afundamental nature. Thus, this study focuses on the legal relationship at the control stage between the relevant local government bodies and entrepreneurs, operating in the field of municipal services by performing regulated economic activity

The Relationship between Vitamin D Status and the Menstrual Cycle in Young Women: A Preliminary Study

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate serum vitamin D levels and to compare these with the menstrual cycle in young women with different body weights. Methods: Eighty-four students were recruited into the study of which 77 remained at the study’s completion. Women were assigned to one of two subgroups, according to their 25-hydroxy vitamin D test level [25(OH)D] in which 60 women had low 25(OH)D levels (LD < 30 ng/mL) and 17 had normal levels (ND > 30 ng/mL ≤ 80 ng/mL). Results: In the LD group, 40% of participants reported having long cycles, 27% were classified as having oligomenorrhoea, and 13% as having amenorrhoea. In the ND group, only 12% reported menstrual cycle disorders, 6% had oligomenorrhoea, and 6% had amenorrhoea. Women who did not meet the recommended level of 30 ng/mL of 25(OH)D had almost five times the odds of having menstrual cycle disorders as women who were above the recommended vitamin D level. Conclusion: A relationship was demonstrated between the frequency of menstrual disorders and low levels of vitamin D. Supplementation is necessary in women with low levels of vitamin D in order to compensate for this deficiency and to assess its effect in regulating menstrual disorders

The Role of Vitamin D Oral Supplementation in Insulin Resistance in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective: To evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation (alone or with co-supplementation) on insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: We performed a literature search of databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Library) and identified all reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to April 2018. We compared the effects of supplementation with vitamin D alone (dose from 1000 IU/d to 60,000 IU/week) or with co-supplements to the administration of placebos in women diagnosed with PCOS. The systematic review and meta-analysis protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (Prospero) as number CRD42018090572. Main results: Eleven of 345 identified studies were included in the analysis; these involved 601women diagnosed with PCOS. Vitamin D as a co-supplement was found to significantly decrease fasting glucose concentrations and the HOMA-IR value. HOMA-IR also declined significantly when vitamin D was supplemented with a dose lower than 4000 IU/d. Conclusions: Evidence from RCTs suggests that the supplementation of PCOS patients with continuous low doses of vitamin D (<4000 IU/d) or supplementation with vitamin D as a co-supplement may improve insulin sensitivity in terms of the fasting glucose concentration (supplementation with vitamin D in combination with other micronutrients) and HOMA-IR (supplementation with vitamin D in continuous low daily doses or as co-supplement)

Ocena częstotliwości spożycia produktów, potraw i napojów o wysokiej wartości energetycznej przez młodzież szkolną o różnym poziomie aktywności fizycznej

The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of consumption of high energy products, dishes and drinks among high school students with different level of physical activity. The investigated population included 592 students at the age of 18.2 ± 0.03 y (girls DZ = 294, boys CH = 298) with different level of physical activity [adequate physical activity WAF (n = 352), inadequate physical activity NAF (n = 240)]. Dietary intake data was obtained using a Food Frequency Questionnaire FFQ, and physical activity was assessed by the use of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ. BMI and skinfold thickness was also measured. The results showed that boys and students with inadequate physical activity significantly more often consume most of the products which lead to overweight and obesity. Moreover, it was found that the higher the level of physical activity, the higher was the consumption of sweet drinks. The frequency of consumption of juice, sweets drinks and energy drinks positively correlated with BMI and skinfold thickness. The findings of this study showed that the level of physical activity is a significant factor affecting dietary habits of students. It was also shown that excessive consumption of energy drinks could be one of the main reason of overweight and obesity

Effects of Probiotics Supplementation on Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

This study examines the effectiveness of probiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, the gut barrier function, and inflammatory markers in athletes based on data from randomised controlled trials. Searches were conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science up to October 2021. The protocol for this review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021284938). Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts to identify articles on the influence of probiotics or symbiotics on GI symptoms, gut barrier function, and cytokines, and the quality of the studies was assessed using RoB2. Ten articles involving 822 athletes were included in this review. A single strain Lactobacillus bacteria was used in three studies, seven studies used a Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium multi-strain cocktail, and one study used this cocktail with a prebiotic. Only slight evidence was found for a positive effect of probiotics on GI symptoms in athletes during training, exercise, and competition, so it was not possible to identify the best product for managing GI symptoms in athletes. Due to the small number of studies, it was also difficult to find a direct association between the reduced exercise-induced perturbations in cytokines, gut barrier function, and GI symptoms after probiotic supplementation