Mean difference between VLBW and term born young adults: linear regression models.

<p>Mean difference in percent in resting energy expenditure (REE), lean body mass (LBM) and the proportion of REE to LBM (REE/LBM) between the very low birth weight (VLBW) (error bars showing 95% confidence intervals) and control groups (zero line) in linear regression model adjusted for age and sex.</p

Clinical characteristics of the young adults born with very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g) and term born controls; the numbers represent mean (SD, standard deviation) or n (%).

<p> <i>The characteristics were compared using the t-test, unless otherwise indicated;</i></p><p>*<i>chi-square-test,</i></p>†<p><i>p for linear trend. F = female, M = male.</i> N/A<i> = not applicable.</i></p

Differences in methylation fractions at different <i>IGF2</i> CpG units between VLBW subjects born SGA and VLBW subjects born AGA by linear regression.

<p>VLBW was birth weight ≤1500 g; SGA was birth weight less than –2SD; AGA was birth weigh equal to or more than 2SD.</p

Linear regression models showing differences in resting energy expenditure (REE) and the proportion of REE to lean body mass (REE/LBM ratio) (95% confidence intervals) between VLBW and term born young adults, unadjusted and adjusted for covariates in different models.

<p> <i>Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex,</i></p><p> <i>Model 2: Adjusted for 1+ parental education (4 levels) and daily smoking,</i></p><p> <i>Model 3: Adjusted for 2+ body fat percentage and the self-reported intensity, frequency and duration of leisure time physical activity.</i></p

Differences in methylation fractions at different <i>IGF2</i> CpG units between VLBW and controls by linear regression.

<p>VLBW was birth weight ≤1500 g.</p><p>Model 1; adjusted for plate n:o, sex, age.</p><p>Model 2; adjusted for plate n:o, sex, age, height, body mass index, mother’s smoking during pregnancy, mother’s age, father’s age, mother’s body mass index before pregnancy, and highest education of either parent.</p

Flow chart showing participants selected for the present study.

<p>Participants who had both resting energy expenditure and lean body mass measured had similar characteristics compared to those invited but who did not undergo these measurements. ¹NICU denotes neonatal intensive care unit. Term subjects were indentified from the birth-hospital records for each very low birth weight (VLBW) infant. ²Only those residing within distance of 110 km were invited. ³Lean body mass was not measured, if the subject was pregnant, had foreign object in the body, had severe cerebral palsy or was unwilling to undergo the examination.</p

<i>IGF2AS</i> and <i>IGF2_05</i> amplicons.

<p><i>IGF2AS</i> and <i>IGF2_05</i> amplicons.</p

Characteristics of the study participants.

<p>VLBW was birth weight ≤1500 g; SGA was birth weight less than –2SD.</p>a<p>A t test for continuous and chi square test for categorical variables.</p

Pedigrees of the 13 families included in the study.

<p>Circles represent females and squares are males. Filled circles are classified as affected with CDGP, while shaded circles are unknown or do not fulfill the criteria for CDGP. The proband from each family is marked with an arrow. Individuals with an asterisk (*) have been sequenced at the pericentromere of chr 2. All probands and both of their parents were genotyped (denoted with the symbol #) except family 11, in which only the proband and affected parent were genotyped.</p

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots.

<p>Each point represents an individual genome. Red triangles are individuals from the Kuopio region of Finland while violet triangles are individuals from Helsinki. Each blue circle represents a proband from each of the 13 CDGP families. The yellow circle is the proband from Family 1. Panel A shows the relationship between principal components (PCs) 1 and 2, which explain most of the genetic variation. Panel B shows PC1 versus PC3, which appear to mimic a geographical northeast to southwest axis.</p