Penggunaan Alat Peraga Untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Mahasiswa Tentang Sistem Kelistrikan Bodi Sepeda Motor Supra Pgm Fi {Proâ¬grammed Fuel Injection

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan pemahaman sistem kelistrikan bodi sepeda motor dengan pembelajaran menggunakan alat peraga PGM-FI (Programmed Fuel Injection). Desain penelitian menggunakan True Experimental Design dengan pola pre-test post-test control group design. Populasi dalam penelitian adalah mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Teknik Mesin Universitas Negeri Semarang yang mengikuti perkuliahan praktik sepeda motor dan motor kecil tahun ajaran 2010/2011. Sebagai sampel sebanyak 24 mahasiswa sebagai kelompok kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen sebanyak 24 mahasiswa. Metode pengumpulan datanya menggunakan metode dokumentasi dan metode test Teknik analisis datanya menggunakan uji normalitas, uji homogenitas dan analisa t-test Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pemahaman bag! mahasiswa yang mendapat pembelajaran dengan metode ceramah disertai dengan alat peraga sepeda motor Supra PGM FI dibandingkan dengan mahasiswa yang mendapat pembelajaran hanya dengan ceramah saja pada materi sistem kelistrikan bodi sepeda motor. Kata Kunci: peningkatan pemahaman, alat peraga, sistem kelistrikan bodi  The goal of the research was to identify the increase of understanding about motor cycle body electrical system using visual aid PGM-FI (Programmed Fuel Injection). The design of research was True Experimental Design with pattern pre-test post-test control group design. The population of it was the students from Mechanical Engineering Department, Semarang State University joining Motor Cycle and Small Motor Practice subject year 2010/2011. As the sample of the research, there were 24 students as the control group and 24 other students as the experiment one. The methods for collecting data were documentation and test The techniques for analyzing data were normality test homogentty test, and the analysis of T-test The result of the research showed that there was increase of student understanding if the learning process was supported by visual aid, in this case was Supra PGM-FI (Programmed Fuel Injection). This result had been compared to students who faced the learning process with the material about motor cycle body electrical system only

Bioslurry as a Fuel. 6. Leaching Characteristics of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metallic Species from Biochar by Bio-oil Model Compounds

In a bioslurry fuel system, inherent alkali and alkaline earth metallic (AAEM) species can be leached from biochar into the bio-oil phase because of the interaction between biochar and bio-oil [as reported in part 5 (10.1021/ef401888j) of this series]. This paper further investigates the leaching characteristic of these inorganic species from biochar by bio-oil model compounds and the bio-oil water-soluble fraction. The results show that leaching of AAEM species from biochar by bio-oil is mostly attributed to the water-soluble fraction of bio-oil, especially the organic acids and water in bio-oil. The leaching capability of other individual organic compounds (such as methanol, acetone, and guaiacol) in bio-oil appears to be limited because of poor polarity or low dielectric constant. However, in the presence of these organic compounds, the capability of acids and water in leaching the inherent AAEM species from biochar can be significantly influenced. For instance, leaching of AAEM species by water can be hindered in the presence of organic compounds with lower polarity or dielectric constant because of the decrease of salt solubility. However, the presence of phenolic compounds may enhance the leaching of the AAEM species (especially Ca and Mg), likely because of the ability to penetrate into the biochar structure and, thus, increase the accessibility of AAEM species by water or acids