Trichinella inflammatory myopathy: host or parasite strategy?

The parasitic nematode Trichinella has a special relation with muscle, because of its unique intracellular localization in the skeletal muscle cell, completely devoted in morphology and biochemistry to become the parasite protective niche, otherwise called the nurse cell. The long-lasting muscle infection of Trichinella exhibits a strong interplay with the host immune response, mainly characterized by a Th2 phenotype

Regulation of Intestinal Immune Response by Selective Removal of the Anterior, Posterior, or Entire Pituitary Gland in Trichinella spiralis Infected Golden Hamsters

The influence of anterior pituitary hormones on the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals has been previously reported. Hypophysectomy (HYPOX) in the rat causes atrophy of the intestinal mucosa, and reduction of gastric secretion and intestinal absorption, as well as increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections. However, to our knowledge, no findings have been published concerning the immune response following HYPOX during worm infection, particularly that which is caused by the nematode Trichinella spiralis. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of total or partial HYPOX on colonization of T. spiralis in the intestinal lumen, together with duodenal and splenic cytokine expression. Our results indicate that 5 days post infection, only neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy (NIL) reduces the number of intestinally recovered T. spiralis larvae. Using semiquantitative inmunofluorescent laser confocal microscopy, we observed that the mean intensity of all tested Th1 cytokines was markedly diminished, even in the duodenum of infected controls. In contrast, a high level of expression of these cytokines was noted in the NIL infected hamsters. Likewise, a significant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of Th2 cytokines (with the exception of IL-4) was apparent in the duodenum of control and sham infected hamsters, compared to animals with NIL surgeries, which showed an increase in the expression of IL-5 and IL-13. Histology of duodenal mucosa from NIL hamsters showed an exacerbated inflammatory infiltrate located along the lamina propria, which was related to the presence of the parasite. We conclude that hormones from each pituitary lobe affect the gastrointestinal immune responses to T. spiralis through various mechanisms

Immunofluorescencija i ejo primenenie v parazitologii s osobnym uchetom toksoplazmoza i trikhinelleza

The authoress gives fundamentals of fluorescence microscopy, discusses the principles of fluorescence reactions, as well as the process of sera marking; a number of examples are quoted to illustrate the application of the method in parasitology, particularly in studies on toxoplasmosis and trichinellosis

Proby modyfikacji przechodzenia komorek nacieku zaplanego do torebek larw Trichinella spiralis

The inflammatory infiltration cells penetrating through the larval capsule walls were observed. The observation were carried out in the masseter muscle of the mice infected with Trichinella spiralis larvae only (control) or infected and treated with PHA-P, TFX or dexamethason. The more numerous cells, than in the control, in the mice treated with PHA-P and TFX were seen. Opposite, the fever numerous cells inside the capsula walls in the mice that received dexamethason were found. The authors supposed that the phenomenon of inflammatory cells penetration through larval capsule play an important role in the defence mechanisms of the host

Wplyw cyklosporyny A na przebieg miesniowej fazy wlosnicy u myszy

The authors tried to determine the role of TH lymphocytes in the course of muscular trichinellosis in mice. The investigations were carried out on the CFW mice infected with 200 Trichinella spiralis larvae and treated with Cyclosporine A to suppresse TH1 lymphocytes. In animals treated with the drug more numerous cells inside the larval capsules and more numerous granulomas compared to control were seen. At the same time the mean number of larvae was lower (69,2%) than in control. The results show that TH1 lymphocytes do not play the significant role in the destruction of muscular larvae. This is the first conclusion and requires of course futher investigations

Sravnitel'naja ocenka aggljutacionnykh reakcijj v diagnostike trikhinelleza

The agglutination tests and their modifications with bentonite, latex, cholesterol, carmine and coal (RPR Charcoal Card Test) were compared as to their value in the diagnosis of trichinellosis. The complement fixation test considered so far to be the best one was used each time; the sera used were those from persons infected with T. spiralis, suspected of having the disease or healthy ones and a few series of experimentally infected rabbits; the evaluation and practical value of individual tests are discussed

The cells observed inside capsules of larvae in the course of experimental trichinellosis in mice

In the course of trichinellosis in mice the numerous cells inside larval capsules were observed. Beginning on 14 day post infection (dpi) they were seen in about 7% of infected muscles fibers but at 21 dpi the percentage of capsules with the cells amounted to 77. In the next stage of infection the number of capsules containing cells continued to increase and reach almost 100% at 60 dpi. The identification of the cells was carried out by the indirect immunoenzymatic method using anti-CD4⁺, anti-CD8⁺ and anti-macrophage (Mac-1 antigen) monoclonal antibodies. In course of observation the level of CD4⁺ cells decreased from 11.3 to 0.7, of CD8⁺ from 17.7 to 3.0 and of macrophages from 71.0 to 23.1 %. The most numerous CD4⁺ cells were seen at 14 dpi while the CD8⁺ and macrophages at 21 dpi. Beginning on 28 dpi negatively reacting cells inside larval capsules were also observed. The number of these cells increased from 23.8 to 73.2% at 60 dpi and their identification requires further investigations. The role and the function of all these cells are discussed

The phenomenon of apoptosis in the course of experimental trichinellosis in mice

Mice infected with 200 Trichinella spiralis larvae were killed at 3-69 days post infection (dpi) and the jejunum and masseter muscles were sectioned in a cryostat and examined in the Tuneli method with "In situ Cell Detected Kid POD" of Boehringer-Mannheim. Data concering the exact localization and dynamie of apoptic cells in both organs are presented. The authors conclude that apoptosis plays a important role in the pathogenesis of trichinellosis

Attempts of modification of apoptosis in the course of experimental trichinellosis in mice

The influence of the some immunomodulators (PHA-P, TFX and dexamethasone) on the process of apoptosis, occurring in the course of trichinellosis in mice, has been studied. It has been found that PHA-P activates this process in the jejunum mucosa and prolongs it in the muscular inflammatory infiltration, whereas TFX has no influence and dexamethasone distinctly decreases the level of the apoptotic cells. The number of the intestinal trichinae on the successive days of infection was similar in all groups of animals, however, the number of the muscular larvae in the groups receiving immunostimulators was much lower and in the group treated with dexamethasone - a little higher than that in control. As in mice receiving PHA-P and TFX, the cellular inflammatory infiltration in the muscles was larger than that in control, and in the group to which dexamethasone was administrated - smaller, the authors think that it was extensiveness of the infiltration and not the level of the apoptotic cells that influenced the number of the outliving larvae

Sravnitel'naja ocenka nekotorykh aggljutinacionnykh reakcijj v diagnostike trikhinelleza

W latach 1960-1964 przebadano około 1000 surowic ludzkich i około 300 zwierzęcych, przy pomocy co najmniej 3-4 odczynów jednocześnie. Starano się ocenić wartość odczynów aglutynacyjnych i porównać z odczynem wiązania dopełniacza. Przeprowadzono 15 doświadczeń. Wykazano, że szczególnie odczyny aglutynacyjne z bentonitem, cholesterolem i lateksem nadają się doskonale do diagnostyki włośnicy tak u ludzi, jak i zwierząt. W pierwszym okresie po zarażeniu ustępują one co do czułości odczynowi wiązania dopełniacza, ale za to później, po 3-9 miesiącach, przewyższają go. Odczyn z karminem posiada mniejszą wartość. Na uwagę zasługuje bardzo prosty w wykonaniu odczyn kartonowy z węglem. Trudno stwierdzić, który z 3 wymienionych wyżej odczynów uznać za najlepszy. Uzupełniają się one częściowo, zwłaszcza w pierwszej fazie po zarażeniu. Różnice między tymi próbami - występujące z niektórymi surowcami - są bardzo interesujące z teoretycznego punktu widzenia. Prawie z reguły najwyższe miana otrzymywano w próbie z bentonitem, najniższe z lateksem. Pierwsze przeciwciała wykrywano po 20-30 dniach od zarażenia, najwyższe miana występowały po 1 1/2 do 3 mies. Później przeciwciała stopniowo zanikały. Próby aglutynacyjne swoiste, czułe i proste w wykonaniu powinny znaleźć szerokie zastosowanie w diagnostyce włośnicy. Konieczna jest jednak standaryzacja zarówno metod przyrządzania odczynników, jak i wykonywania prób