A Trust Based Fuzzy Algorithm for Congestion Control in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (TFCC)

Network congestion has become a critical issue for resource constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), especially for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs)where large volume of multimedia data is transmitted through the network. If the traffic load is greater than the available capacity of the sensor network, congestion occurs and it causes buffer overflow, packet drop, deterioration of network throughput and quality of service (QoS). Again, the faulty nodes of the network also aggravate congestion by diffusing useless packets or retransmitting the same packet several times. This results in the wastage of energy and decrease in network lifetime. To address this challenge, a new congestion control algorithm is proposed in which the faulty nodes are identified and blocked from data communication by using the concept of trust. The trust metric of all the nodes in the WMSN is derived by using a two-stage Fuzzy inferencing scheme. The traffic flow from source to sink is optimized by implementing the Link State Routing Protocol. The congestion of the sensor nodes is controlled by regulating the rate of traffic flow on the basis of the priority of the traffic. Finally we compare our protocol with other existing congestion control protocols to show the merit of the work.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, conference pape

A Trust Based Congestion Aware Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (TC-ACO)

Congestion is a problem of paramount importance in resource constrained Wireless Sensor Networks, especially for large networks, where the traffic loads exceed the available capacity of the resources. Sensor nodes are prone to failure and the misbehavior of these faulty nodes creates further congestion. The resulting effect is a degradation in network performance, additional computation and increased energy consumption, which in turn decreases network lifetime. Hence, the data packet routing algorithm should consider congestion as one of the parameters, in addition to the role of the faulty nodes and not merely energy efficient protocols. Unfortunately most of the researchers have tried to make the routing schemes energy efficient without considering congestion factor and the effect of the faulty nodes. In this paper we have proposed a congestion aware, energy efficient, routing approach that utilizes Ant Colony Optimization algorithm, in which faulty nodes are isolated by means of the concept of trust. The merits of the proposed scheme are verified through simulations where they are compared with other protocols.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures and 2 tables (Conference Paper

Trust Integrated Congestion Aware Energy Efficient Routing forWireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (TCEER)

Congestion control and energy consumption in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network is a new research subject which has been ushered in through the introduction of multimedia sensor nodes that are capable of transmitting large volume of high bit rate heterogeneous multimedia data. Most of the existing congestion control algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks do not discuss the impact of security attacks by the malicious nodes in network congestion. Sensor nodes are prone to failure and malicious nodes aggravate congestion by sending fake messages. Hence, isolation of malicious nodes from data routing path reduces congestion significantly. Considering that, we have proposed a new Trust Integrated Congestion Aware Energy Efficient Routing algorithm, in which malicious nodes are identified using the concept of trust. The parameter Node Potential is computed, on the basis of the trust value, congestion status, residual energy and the distance of the node from the base station, using Fuzzy Logic Controller. The source node selects the node with the highest potential in its one hop radio range for data transmission which is light weight as well as energy efficient. Finally, merits of the proposed scheme are discussed by comparing them with existing protocols and the study exhibits 25% improvements in network performance

A study of histological changes of human placenta in rural population of eastern India

Background: Placenta is essential for maintenance of pregnancy and for promoting normal growth and development of fetus. It forms the morphological record of anatomical condition, intrauterine events and intrapartum events of gestation. Present study has been undertaken to record the data on the morphology and histology of placenta from mothers with hypertension and diabetes.Methods: This study showed several significant morphological and histological differences in the placenta of the mother with GDM and hypertensive placenta. The histological study of the placenta was done under microscope and number of syncytial knots, cytotrophoblastic cellular proliferation, fibrinoid necrosis, endothelial proliferation, calcified and hyalinised villous spots were noted per low power field in the diabetics and hypertensive group in comparison to control group.Results: All other parameters including area, thickness, diameter, and circumference of GDM placenta show a significant increase when compared with normal placenta. The gross anatomic features of placentae e.g infarcted areas, calcified areas and marginal insertion of the umbilical cord in the study group show significant increase in value (p>0.01) in diabetic and hypertensive groups when compared to that of the control or normal group.Conclusions: In present study we found that hypertensive placentae tend to be slightly smaller in size, weight, volume, area, thickness, diameter, circumference and feto-placental ratio than normal placentae but the parameters were found to be significantly greater than that of normal placentae in case of diabetic placentae. No significant differences were found in umbilical cord insertion. In normal pregnancy cases we found several histological findings which were increased in hypertensive and diabetic cases

Trust Integrated Congestion Aware Energy Efficient Routing forWireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (TCEER)

Congestion control and energy consumption in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network is a new research subject which has been ushered in through the introduction of multimedia sensor nodes that are capable of transmitting large volume of high bit rate heterogeneous multimedia data. Most of the existing congestion control algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks do not discuss the impact of security attacks by the malicious nodes in network congestion. Sensor nodes are prone to failure and malicious nodes aggravate congestion by sending fake messages. Hence, isolation of malicious nodes from data routing path reduces congestion significantly. Considering that, we have proposed a new Trust Integrated Congestion Aware Energy Efficient Routing algorithm, in which malicious nodes are identified using the concept of trust. The parameter Node Potential is computed, on the basis of the trust value, congestion status, residual energy and the distance of the node from the base station, using Fuzzy Logic Controller. The source node selects the node with the highest potential in its one hop radio range for data transmission which is light weight as well as energy efficient. Finally, merits of the proposed scheme are discussed by comparing them with existing protocols and the study exhibits 25% improvements in network performance

Not Available

Not AvailableThe present study describes an efficient in vitro culture protocol for direct plantlet regeneration and Agrobacterium- mediated genetic transformation of Corchorus capsularis L. cultivar JRC 517. In vitro morphogenetic capacity of different explants was evaluated. Nodal explants with immature axillary buds showed maximum in vitro culture response (95%) with plantlets induction when cultured on MS with 0.1 mg l-1 IAA and 0.1 mg l-1 Kin. A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harbouring a binary vector pBI121, containing gusA reporter gene under the transcriptional control of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and NOS terminator was used in addition with neomycin phosphotransferase (npt-II) as plant selection marker gene. Different parameters viz. O.D600.- of Agrobacterium cell suspension: 0.3; one day preculture; one min explants dipping, vacuum infiltration for 10 min at 600 mm Hg pressure; 0.001 ml l-1 concentration of non-ionic surfactant (Tween 20) and two days cocultivation with 100 µM acetosyringone (AS) were found to be optimum treatment to achieve maximum number of stable genetic transformants (~3.6%). The putative transformants were screened on MS medium supplemented with 50 mg l-1 kanamycin (Kan50) and their transient expression was confirmed through GUS histochemical assay of the reporter gene and PCR analysis. The survivor plants were grown under Kan50 selection pressure, and rooted successfully. Regenerated plantlets were acclimatized, hardened and transplanted to green house. Stable integration of the transgene into the recipient genome was confirmed by PCR using compatible primers of gusA and nptII, and through Southern hybridization. The transgenic plants showed normal morphology and most of them followed 3:1 ratio of Mendelian inheritance for a single dominant locus. In vitro direct shoot regeneration protocol from nodal explants with concurrent transgenic development deemed to be successfully involving economically important gene/s and trait enrichment in jute.Not Availabl

A study on the morphology and the morphometry of the human placenta and its clinical significance in rural population in Eastern India

Background: The placenta is a dynamic organ which is unique in its development and functions. It is the only organ in the body which is derived from two separate individuals, the mother and the fetus. The aim of the present study was to study the morphology, morphometry, and site of umbilical cord insertion in the placenta of women with normal, hypertensive, and diabetic pregnant women. Materials and Methods: A total number of 150 cases were included in this study. Results: In our study, we found that hypertensive placentae tend to be slightly smaller in size, weight, volume, area, thickness, diameter, circumference, and fetoplacental ratio than normal placentae, but the parameters were found to be significantly greater than that of normal placentae in case of diabetic placentae. Conclusion: An adequate knowledge of the morphometry of the placenta and its clinical relevance can prove to be valuable in the early assessment of the fetal well-being