Evaluation of domestic electrical demand and its effect on low voltage network performance

Electrical demand in a house depends on various factors mainly being the user’s behaviour and the rating of the appliances. Some researchers have used daily domestic electrical demand profile at half hour time resolution for the energy management. When data of half hour time interval is used for the analysis of on-site generation, it can lead to over/under -estimates of the proportion of generated energy used on site. As a consequence, this could lead to over/under-estimating in the import and export of power from and to the power grid. In this paper, domestic electricity use profile recorded at high time resolution of one minute is used to analyse the profile obtained at different time resolution and its effect on on-site generation. Daily load profile for summer and winter at time resolution of 30 minute is generated from a data set of 22 houses consisting data of a whole year which is then compared with the daily load curve obtained after diversity maximum demand from the literature. The generated daily load profile is then used to see effect on the low voltage network. For the analysis on the low voltage network, a typical UK low voltage network is developed in the Matlab/Simulink softwar

Modelling and control of micro-combined heat and power (CHP) to optimise energy conversion and support power distribution networks

Climate change and continuously increasing energy prices have driven the need for low carbon and renewable energy technologies from different sectors, including the domestic sector, by installing higher energy efficiency technologies. One of these technologies is the Stirling engine based micro-combined heat and power (CHP) which has the potential to achieve lower overall carbon emissions by generating both heat and electricity locally. Its successful implementation to meet the energy demands (thermal and electrical) throughout the year depends on several factors such as the size and type of building and demand profiles. In addition, the deployment of large number of micro-CHPs may have significant impact on the performance of the power distribution networks

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Simulation of energy use in buildings with multiple micro generators

This paper focuses on the detailed modelling of micro combined heat and power (mCHP) modules and their interaction with other renewable micro generators in domestic applications based on an integrated modular modelling approach. The simulation model has been developed using Matlab/Simulink and incorporates a Stirling engine mCHP module embedded in a lumped-parameter domestic energy model, together with contributions from micro wind and photovoltaic modules. The Stirling cycle component model is based on experimental identification of a domestic-scale system which includes start up and shut down characteristics. The integrated model is used to explore the interactions between the various energy supply technologies and results are presented showing the most favourable operating conditions that can be used to inform the design of advanced energy control strategies in building. The integrated model offers an improvement on previous models of this kind in that a fully-dynamic approach is adopted for the equipment and plant enabling fast changing load events such as switching on/off domestic loads and hot water, to be accurately captured at a minimum interval of 1 min. The model is applied to two typical 3- and 4-bedroom UK house types equipped with a mCHP module and two other renewable energy technologies for a whole year. Results of the two cases show that the electrical contribution of a Stirling engine type mCHP heavily depends on the thermal demand of the building and that up to 19% of the locally-generated electricity is exported whilst meeting a similar percentage of the overall annual electricity demand. Results also show that the increased number of switching of mCHP module has an impact on seasonal module efficiency and overall fuel utilisation. The results demonstrate the need for the analysis of equipment design and optimal sizing of thermal and electrical energy storage

Uterine Cancer Treatment: Experience in two Centres in Nepal

Background: Information and studies regarding uterine cancer are limited in Nepal. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical characteristic features and treatment outcomes of uterine cancer managed in two hospitals of Nepal. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted of all uterine cancer cases managed in gynecology department of Civil Service Hospital and National Cancer Hospital from August 2014-January 2016. The case record of all women diagnosed to have uterine cancer were retrieved and demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, histological type, treatment modalities and outcome were obtained and analyzed. Patients were followed up to five years and information regarding recurrence and mortality were obtained. Results: There were 30 uterine cancers cases during study period with age ranging from 33-72 years (mean 53.3years). One case was unmarried while rest 29 (96%) were married, with parity ranging from 0-11. Abnormal uterine and postmenopausal bleeding were the commonest presentations. Histopathologically, endometrial adenocarcinoma accounted for 25 cases (83%), uterine sarcoma four cases (13%) and malignant mixed mullerian tumour one case (4%). All the endometrial cancers were preoperatively diagnosed by endometrial biopsy whereas all cases of uterine sarcomas were reported as leiomyoma radiologically, had benign findings in endometrial biopsy and were only diagnosed post-operatively by histopathology. All cases were treated primarily with surgery. Twenty four patients (80%) received adjuvant therapy according to stage and grade of the disease. Clinical follow-up showed 18 (62%) cases were disease free; 11 (36.67%) developed recurrence, mortality occurred in 9 (31%), two are living with disease and one case is lost to follow up. Conclusions: Endometrial cancer can be usually diagnosed pre-operatively by endometrial biopsy, however, uterine sarcoma is often missed. Surgery is the main treatment modality of uterine cancers

Spatial Heterogeneity of Enteric Fever in 2 Diverse Communities in Nepal

BackgroundTyphoid fever is endemic in the urban Kathmandu Valley of Nepal; however, there have been no population-based studies of typhoid outside of this community in the past 3 decades. Whether typhoid immunization should be prioritized in periurban and rural communities has been unclear.MethodsWe performed population-based surveillance for enteric fever in 1 urban catchment (Kathmandu) and 1 periurban and rural catchment (Kavrepalanchok) as part of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP). We recruited individuals presenting to outpatient and emergency departments at 2 study hospitals with suspected enteric fever and performed blood cultures. Additionally, we conducted a household survey in each catchment area to characterize care seeking for febrile illness. We evaluated spatial heterogeneity in febrile illness, care seeking, and enteric fever incidence.ResultsBetween September 2016 and September 2019, we enrolled 5736 participants with suspected enteric fever at 2 study hospitals. Among these, 304 (5.3%) were culture positive for Salmonella Typhi (249 [81.9%]) or Paratyphi A (55 [18.1%]). Adjusted typhoid incidence in Kathmandu was 484 per 100 000 person-years and in Kavrepalanchok was 615 per 100 000 person-years. While all geographic areas for which estimates could be made had incidence >200 per 100 000 person-years, we observed spatial heterogeneity with up to 10-fold variation in incidence between communities.ConclusionsIn urban, periurban, and rural communities in and around Kathmandu, we measured a high but heterogenous incidence of typhoid. These findings provide some support for the introduction of conjugate vaccines in Nepal, including outside urban areas, alongside other measures to prevent enteric fever