Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of participants (n = 452).

Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of participants (n = 452).</p

Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters of subjects according to the genetic risk score for HOMA-IR (n = 452).

Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters of subjects according to the genetic risk score for HOMA-IR (n = 452).</p

Serum amino acid concentrations of subjects according to the genetic risk score for HOMA-IR (n = 452).

Serum amino acid concentrations of subjects according to the genetic risk score for HOMA-IR (n = 452).</p

Genotype frequencies associated with risk of insulin resistance as assessed by HOMA-IR (n = 452).

Genotype frequencies associated with risk of insulin resistance as assessed by HOMA-IR (n = 452).</p

Additional tables.

Circulating concentration of arginine, alanine, aspartate, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, taurine and valine are increased in subjects with insulin resistance, which could in part be attributed to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes associated with amino acid metabolism. Thus, the aim of this work was to develop a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) for insulin resistance in young adults based on SNPs present in genes related to amino acid metabolism. We performed a cross-sectional study that included 452 subjects over 18 years of age. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters were assessed including measurement of serum amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography. Eighteen SNPs were genotyped by allelic discrimination. Of these, ten were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and only four were used to construct the GRS through multiple linear regression modeling. The GRS was calculated using the number of risk alleles of the SNPs in HGD, PRODH, DLD and SLC7A9 genes. Subjects with high GRS (≥ 0.836) had higher levels of glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment- insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol and triglycerides, and lower levels of arginine than subjects with low GRS (p </div

Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical characteristics in subjects with or without insulin resistance (n = 452).

Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical characteristics in subjects with or without insulin resistance (n = 452).</p

Insulin resistance, quantified by the HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment—insulin resistance), across groups stratified into tertiles according to the genetic risk score (GRS) derived from the best model in a total of 452 subjects.

GRS-low = tertile 1 (cut-off point: 0.620); GRS-medium = tertile 2 (cut-off point: 0.742); GRS-high = tertile 3 (cut-off point: 0.836). The HOMA-IR values of subjects with a high GRS and medium GRS were significantly higher than in subjects with a low GRS. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Differences are based on ANOVA adjusted for sex, age and BMI. Bonferroni´s multiple comparisons post-hoc test where groups with different letters are statistically significant, where a > b. The difference is significant p < 0.01.</p