Low Earth Orbit Raider (LER) winged air launch vehicle concept

The need to launch small payloads into low earth orbit has increased dramatically during the past several years. The Low Earth orbit Raider (LER) is an answer to this need. The LER is an air-launched, winged vehicle designed to carry a 1500 pound payload into a 250 nautical mile orbit. The LER is launched from the back of a 747-100B at 35,000 feet and a Mach number of 0.8. Three staged solid propellant motors offer safe ground and flight handling, reliable operation, and decreased fabrication cost. The wing provides lift for 747 separation and during the first stage burn. Also, aerodynamic controls are provided to simplify first stage maneuvers. The air-launch concept offers many advantages to the consumer compared to conventional methods. Launching at 35,000 feet lowers atmospheric drag and other loads on the vehicle considerably. Since the 747 is a mobile launch pad, flexibility in orbit selection and launch time is unparalleled. Even polar orbits are accessible with a decreased payload. Most importantly, the LER launch service can come to the customer, satellites and experiments need not be transported to ground based launch facilities. The LER is designed to offer increased consumer freedom at a lower cost over existing launch systems. Simplistic design emphasizing reliability at low cost allows for the light payloads of the LER

Instalación de estaciones geodésicas de monitoreo continuo para fines geocientíficos en el margen caribe sureste

Since 2015 six new continuous Global Positioning System (cGPS) and meteorological stations have been installed in Venezuela as part of the Continuously Operating Caribbean GPS Observational Network (COCONet) project (El Baúl-CN41, Quebrada Arriba-CN39, Isla de Aves-CN49, Los Roques-CN42, Isla de Margarita-CN44, and Isla La Blanquilla-CN43). Almost simultaneously, in the framework of the VENCREEP project (ANR-France), a survey composed of two geodetic stations (Saucedo-SAU0 and La Pica Arriba de Catuaro-PAC0) and one creepmeter was installed to study the Pilar Fault. Also, new seven cGPS stations of fifteen planned were acquired through the Tsunami project (FONACIT 2013000361), aiming at densifying the current network. The whole set of stations will improve our knowledge about the local and regional geodynamics. We are sure that the results will have implications for seismic hazard studies.Desde inicios del año 2015 y en el marco del proyecto Red de Observación de Operación Continua GPS del Caribe (COCONet) se han instalado seis estaciones de observación continua del Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (cGPS) y meteorología en el territorio venezolano (El Baúl-CN41, Quebrada Arriba-CN39, Isla de Aves-CN49, Los Roques-CN42, Isla de Margarita-CN44 e Isla La Blanquilla-CN43). Adicionalmente, se instalaron otras dos estaciones geodésicas: Saucedo-SAU0 y La Pica Arriba de Catuaro-PAC0, así como un extensómetro a través de la falla El Pilar como parte del proyecto VENCREEP (ANR-Francia). En tal sentido, en el marco del proyecto Tsunami FONACIT 2013000361 ya han sido adquiridas siete estaciones permanentes de nueva generación de las 15 previstas, las cuales serán estratégicamente ubicadas para densificar la red existente en el corto plazo. Estas estaciones permitirán comprender mejor la geodinámica local y regional con implicaciones importantes en el estudio de la amenaza sísmica

CARIB18: A Stable Geodetic Reference Frame for Geological Hazard Monitoring in the Caribbean Region

We have developed a Stable Caribbean Reference Frame 2018 (CARIB18) using long-term continuous observations from 18 continuously operating Global Positioning System (GPS) stations fixed on the margins of the stable portion of the Caribbean plate. The frame stability of CARIB18 is approximately 0.7 mm/year in the horizontal direction and 0.9 mm/year in the vertical direction. A method that employs a total of seven parameters for transforming positional time series from a global reference frame (IGS14) to a regional reference frame is introduced. The major products from this study include the seven parameters for realizing CARIB18 coordinates and three-component site velocities of 250 continuous GPS stations (>3 years) with respect to CARIB18. Geological hazard monitoring using GPS has traditionally been performed using the carrier-phase differential method that requires single or multiple reference stations to be simultaneously operated in the field. CARIB18 allows for precise geological hazard monitoring using stand-alone GPS, which substantially reduces field costs and simplifies logistics for long-term geological hazard monitoring. Applications of CARIB18 in plate motion, post-seismic, and volcano monitoring and research are demonstrated in this article. The regional reference frame will be periodically updated every few years with more reference stations and longer periods of observations to mitigate the degradation of the frame over time and will be synchronized with the updates of the International GNSS Service (IGS) IGS reference frame