41 research outputs found
Mapping dynamical heterogeneity in structural glasses to correlated fluctuations of the time variables
Dynamical heterogeneities -- strong fluctuations near the glass transition --
are believed to be crucial to explain much of the glass transition
phenomenology. One possible hypothesis for their origin is that they emerge
from soft (Goldstone) modes associated with a broken continuous symmetry under
time reparametrizations. To test this hypothesis, we use numerical simulation
data from four glass-forming models to construct coarse grained observables
that probe the dynamical heterogeneity, and decompose the fluctuations of these
observables into two transverse components associated with the postulated
time-fluctuation soft modes and a longitudinal component unrelated to them. We
find that as temperature is lowered and timescales are increased, the time
reparametrization fluctuations become increasingly dominant, and that their
correlation volumes grow together with the correlation volumes of the dynamical
heterogeneities, while the correlation volumes for longitudinal fluctuations
remain small.Comment: v4: Detailed analysis of transverse and longitudinal parts. One
figure removed, two added. v3: Explicit decomposition into transverse and
longitudinal parts, discussion of correlation volumes. One more figure v2:
Modified introduction and forma
Slow and Long-ranged Dynamical Heterogeneities in Dissipative Fluids
A two-dimensional bidisperse granular fluid is shown to exhibit pronounced
long-ranged dynamical heterogeneities as dynamical arrest is approached. Here
we focus on the most direct approach to study these heterogeneities: we
identify clusters of slow particles and determine their size, , and their
radius of gyration, . We show that , providing
direct evidence that the most immobile particles arrange in fractal objects
with a fractal dimension, , that is observed to increase with packing
fraction . The cluster size distribution obeys scaling, approaching an
algebraic decay in the limit of structural arrest, i.e., .
Alternatively, dynamical heterogeneities are analyzed via the four-point
structure factor and the dynamical susceptibility .
is shown to obey scaling in the full range of packing fractions,
, and to become increasingly long-ranged as
. Finite size scaling of provides a consistency
check for the previously analyzed divergences of and the correlation length . We check the robustness of our results with
respect to our definition of mobility. The divergences and the scaling for
suggest a non-equilibrium glass transition which seems
qualitatively independent of the coefficient of restitution.Comment: 14 pages, 25 figure
Harnessing Large Language Models to Enhance Self-Regulated Learning via Formative Feedback
Effectively supporting students in mastering all facets of self-regulated
learning is a central aim of teachers and educational researchers. Prior
research could demonstrate that formative feedback is an effective way to
support students during self-regulated learning (SRL). However, for formative
feedback to be effective, it needs to be tailored to the learners, requiring
information about their learning progress. In this work, we introduce LEAP, a
novel platform that utilizes advanced large language models (LLMs), such as
ChatGPT, to provide formative feedback to students. LEAP empowers teachers with
the ability to effectively pre-prompt and assign tasks to the LLM, thereby
stimulating students' cognitive and metacognitive processes and promoting
self-regulated learning. We demonstrate that a systematic prompt design based
on theoretical principles can provide a wide range of types of scaffolds to
students, including sense-making, elaboration, self-explanation, partial
task-solution scaffolds, as well as metacognitive and motivational scaffolds.
In this way, we emphasize the critical importance of synchronizing educational
technological advances with empirical research and theoretical frameworks.Comment: 9 pages, 3 Figures, 1 Tabl
Strong Dynamical Heterogeneity and Universal Scaling in Driven Granular Fluids
Large scale simulations of two-dimensional bidisperse granular fluids allow
us to determine spatial correlations of slow particles via the four-point
structure factor . Both cases, elastic () as well as
inelastic () collisions, are studied. As the fluid approaches
structural arrest, i.e. for packing fractions in the range , scaling is shown to hold: . Both the
dynamic susceptibility, , as well as the dynamic
correlation length, , evaluated at the relaxation
time, , can be fitted to a power law divergence at a critical
packing fraction. The measured widely exceeds the largest
one previously observed for hard sphere 3d fluids. The number of particles in a
slow cluster and the correlation length are related by a robust power law,
, with an exponent
. This scaling is remarkably independent of , even
though the strength of the dynamical heterogeneity increases dramatically as
grows.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure
Approach and management of diaphragmatic paralysis in adults
3 years ago, 38-year-old male, with no relevant personal pathological history, began to present exertional dyspnea, gastroesophageal reflux, retrosternal pyrosis, dyspepsia and postprandial abdominal distension after a traffic accident. A study protocol was initiated, where cabinet studies documented elevation of the left hemidiaphragm was documented. A minimally invasive approach was performed with the finding of elevation of the left hemidiaphragm of approximately 8 cm in relation to the contralateral diaphragm without evidence of paraesophageal hernia. Mayo type left diaphragmatic plication was performed with non-absorbable suture (polypropylene 1) without complications. With favorable evolution, he started the oral route 8 hours postoperatively, and was discharged 48 hours after surgery due to clinical improvement and without gastroesophageal reflux. Surgical plication of the affected hemidiaphragm is successful in carefully selected patients with severe symptoms thought to be due to unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. Studies demonstrate improvement in several parameters, including lung and respiratory muscle function, exercise endurance, blood gas exchange, and possibly dyspnea
Unreflected Acceptance -- Investigating the Negative Consequences of ChatGPT-Assisted Problem Solving in Physics Education
Large language models (LLMs) have recently gained popularity. However, the
impact of their general availability through ChatGPT on sensitive areas of
everyday life, such as education, remains unclear. Nevertheless, the societal
impact on established educational methods is already being experienced by both
students and educators. Our work focuses on higher physics education and
examines problem solving strategies. In a study, students with a background in
physics were assigned to solve physics exercises, with one group having access
to an internet search engine (N=12) and the other group being allowed to use
ChatGPT (N=27). We evaluated their performance, strategies, and interaction
with the provided tools. Our results showed that nearly half of the solutions
provided with the support of ChatGPT were mistakenly assumed to be correct by
the students, indicating that they overly trusted ChatGPT even in their field
of expertise. Likewise, in 42% of cases, students used copy & paste to query
ChatGPT -- an approach only used in 4% of search engine queries -- highlighting
the stark differences in interaction behavior between the groups and indicating
limited reflection when using ChatGPT. In our work, we demonstrated a need to
(1) guide students on how to interact with LLMs and (2) create awareness of
potential shortcomings for users.Comment: Pre-print currently under revie
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“Being able to do whatever you wanna do as a woman is important:” a qualitative exploration of contraception as a frame of reference for HIV prevention with PrEP
Background
Use of HIV PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is a strategic tool in the effort to end the HIV epidemic. 20% of new HIV infections in the US are among cis-gender women, yet they comprise only 5% of all PrEP users. Black women disproportionately bear the burden of new HIV acquisition and accounted for almost 60% of new HIV diagnoses among women in 2018. Increasing understanding and uptake of PrEP among women at risk of HIV acquisition in alignment with their reproductive values and preferences is key to increasing PrEP uptake and decreasing HIV burden in this population.
Objective
This study examines how experiences with contraception among women of color shape their perceptions and preferences regarding HIV PrEP to inform counseling that aligns with their reproductive values.
Methods
Women aged 18–45 who self-identified as Black or Latina were recruited at an academic medical center in the Bronx from June 2018 to July 2019. We enrolled 30 participants seeking family planning care (10), prenatal care (10), or care for sexually transmitted infections (10). Participants completed a brief written survey assessing their risk of HIV acquisition. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were then audio-recorded, transcribed, and entered into Dedoose. Grounded theory and constant comparison approaches were used to analyze the data.
Results
Twenty-one participants (70%) screened positive for HIV acquisition risk. Four had received information on PrEP from a medical provider prior to the interview. Three themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: (1) Similar to oral contraception, women conceptualized PrEP as a “daily pill” to support their reproductive health; (2) Women perceived PrEP as a tool to support autonomy and pleasure in their sexual health; (3) Like birth control, women desired multiple delivery options for HIV prophylaxis.
Conclusions
Contraception may serve as a frame of reference when counseling about PrEP among cis-women at risk of acquiring HIV. Our study suggests that this approach re-contextualizes counseling on PrEP within a sex-positive framework that prioritizes pleasure, safety, and autonomy as integral to sexual and reproductive wellness. Consideration of historically marginalized women’s experiences with contraception and reproductive values may facilitate their use of PrEP